NASA 1993 SBIR Phase 2 Solicitation
Project Title:
Fluid-Structure Interaction Using Unstructured Meshes
Fluent Inc.
10 Cavendish Court, Centerra Resource Park
Lebanon, NH 03766
93-101.01 2600 C AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,770
Fluid-Structure Interaction Using Unstructured Meshes
Abstract:
The objective of the proposed work is to develop a unified and
optimum numerical method for solving fluid-structure interaction
problems. We propose to use an unstructured solution-adaptive
topology for both fluid and structure, and to discretize the
governing equations for both using a common numerical basis. We
also propose to use MIMD parallel processing with domain
decomposition to allow the solution of these large three-
dimensional unsteady problems.
Phase I of the proposed work will concentrate on the fluid side,
and develop a numerical basis for computing fluid flow on a moving
and deforming mesh. Algorithms for the transmittal of a prescribed
boundary deformation to the interior unstructured mesh will be
developed. The methodology will be validated against the
literature. Phase II will concentrate on the discretization of the
structure equations, and the computation fluid-structure
interaction. Procedures for parallel processing of the code on MIMD
architectures will be also implemented. The resulting software will
address a wide variety of practical fluid-structure interaction
problems.
The software developed here will find application in a wide variety
of industrial problems. Examples include the computation of
aeroelasticity, the computation of blade flutter in turbomachinery,
valve flutter in internal flows, and the calculation of flow-
induced vibrations in heat-exchangers, and around high-rise
structures
Fluid, Structure, Unstructured-Mesh, Computational, Fluid,
Dynamics, Galerkin, Control-Volume
Project Title:
EFFICIENT COOLING OF TURBINE DISKS
Creare Incorporated
P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755
93-101.01 3800 AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,958
EFFICIENT COOLING OF TURBINE DISKS
Abstract:
In this program Creare will develop test data and design methods
for confident design of efficient cooling systems for turbine disks
in aircraft gas turbine engines. Cooling systems must prevent
ingress of hot combustion gases into the cavity between the turbine
disk and its stator when there is an intense, swirling flow past
the turbine disk from the turbine nozzles. In previous tests at
Creare, this swirling flow has been found to increase the cooling
flow requirements. We propose to develop a body of test data
applying to basic disk/stator configurations, simple theory to
assess the effects of design changes, and qualified computational
models for detailed assessment of designs. Innovations are: (1) a
small, low-speed test facility in which water is used to simulate,
observe, and measure the flow in the disk/stator gap of a gas
turbine, and (2) original mechanistic design models based on
analysis of the forces which govern the flow in the gap. In Phase
I we will prove the feasibility of our approach by developing a
basic theory for the effects of external flow on the required
cooling flow and showing that theoretical predictions agree with
Creare's existing database of test results. In Phase II we will
perform detailed tests using flow models which simulate aircraft
engines and develop qualified theory and computational models for
cooling system design.
Results of this program are important for manufacturers of aircraft
gas turbines, who require design methods for efficient disk cooling
systems. Results are also important for manufacturers of energy
recovery turbines used in the chemical process and petrochemical
industries. These turbines may operate with highly corrosive
process gases and sealing the turbine disk from the process gas is
vital.
gas turbines, disk cooling
Project Title:
Unstructured Density-Based CFD Methodology for Gas Turbine Combustors
CFD Research Corp.
3325 Triana Blvd.
Huntsville, AL 35805
93-101.01 6576 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $70,000
Unstructured Density-Based CFD Methodology for Gas Turbine Combustors
Abstract:
Innovative unstructured, density-based CFD methodology will be
developed in this project applicable to low-speed, turbulent
reacting flows. In Phase I, the feasibility of using finite rate
kinetics in an unstructured CFD environment will be addressed. An
existing unstructured, density-based, implicit CFD code, CFD
FASTRAN, will be used as a starting point. First, the code will be
modified for low-speed flows by incorporating existing pre-
conditioning matrix methods. Second, at least two multi-step
finite-rate hydrocarbon-air combustion models will be implemented
and tested. Comparison of computational efficiency will be made to
current structured, pressure-based CFD methodology. And last, for
full 3-D demonstration, an annular gas turbine combustor will be
modeled and analyzed. In Phase II, spray models, conjugate heat
transfer, and other advanced physical models required for combustor
analysis will be incorporated and validated. The developed
unstructured methodology will also be implemented into the NASA
LeRC ALLSPD code.
The CFD methodology will be packaged into a commercial software
code (as part of Phase III) and licensed to gas turbine engine
manufacturers such as Solar, Westinghouse, Allison, Allied Signal,
General Electric, P&W, etc. The code will have direct application
to combustor design, especially to the NASA High Speed Civil
Transport and Advanced Subsonics Engines. In addition, due to its
ability to model low and high speed flows with finite-rate
chemistry, the code will also be applicable to other engine
components, e.g., inlets, nozzles, etc.
unstructured, finite-rate chemistry, Navier-Stokes, implicit fully
coupled, gas turbine combustors
Project Title:
Turbomachinery Vibration - Analysis With a New Parallel Time Decomposition Scheme
Continuum Dynamic, Inc.
P.O. Box 3073
Princeton, NJ 08543-3073
93-101.01 9282 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,169.37
Turbomachinery Vibration - Analysis With a New Parallel Time Decomposition Scheme
Abstract:
Current time-marching methods for assessing periodic blade loads
consume inordinate computational time, greatly restricting analysis
and design based on such approaches. This study seeks to redress
this drawback by implementing a novel time-domain decomposition
algorithm on a parallel computer. This parallel scheme will achieve
orders of magnitude reduction in computation times while making
full use of existing sequential algorithms for simulating periodic
systems on parallel computers. Perfect load balance will be
accomplished and inter-processor communication minimized using the
proposed scheme. Though the parallel algorithm is applicable to any
time-periodic system this effort will focus upon the rotor-stator
interaction problem using an existing highly accurate aeroelastic
analysis. By basing the analysis on a validated fluid-structure
interaction code, another drawback of existing rotor-stator codes
namely the absence of a true aeroelastic capability will be
repaired. In Phase I, validation exercises will be conducted on a
parallel machine in order to assess the coding effort entailed in
adapting an existing serial code to parallel computation and CPU
gains over serial methods using the proposed technique. In Phase
II. the technique will be extended to full 3D viscous aeroelastic
turbomachinery rotor-stator computations on a parallel machine.
The principal benefit of this work to commercial licensers of this
technology would be an order of magnitude reduction in computation
time for periodic problems involving viscous compressible
turbomachinery flows through the use of a novel time-decomposition
algorithm implemented upon a parallel architecture. The reduced
analysis time should open new design capabilities previously
considered unrealistic because of prohibitive computation cost and
help alleviate the costs involved in experimental testing of
turbomachinery designs.
Fluid/Structure Interaction, Parallel Computing, Time Domain
Decomposition, Low Communication Overhead, Transonic Flow,
Turbomachinery, Aeroelasticity
Project Title:
A Swirl Annular Combustor for Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines.
Advanced Projects Research Incorporated
147 Ward Street
Hightstown, NJ, 08520
93-1 01.02 4986 AMOUNT REQUESTED $70,000
A Swirl Annular Combustor for Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines.
Abstract:
This proposal describes an innovative Ultra-Low NOx annular swirl
combustor concept for aircraft gas turbine engines. The concept is
based on previously demonstrated means for creating high mixing
rate regions in free shear flows by manipulating existing vorticity
to create multiple discrete vortices in the flow. This mixing
technique coupled with a Lean-Burn Direct-Ignition (LBDI)
combustion strategy will be used in a high-performance low-loss
combustor design. This design addresses the aeropropulsion system
component need for innovative combustors with greater efficiency,
lower emissions, and reduced aerodynamic drag. The objectives of
the proposed Phase I project are to explore the combustor design
parameter space numerically and to demonstrate the feasibility of
the proposed concept experimentally. The results of the effort will
provide parametric data on the combustor geometry that will be used
in scaling the device to large annular systems for gas turbine
applications as well as a proof of principle demonstration. The
NASA applications and benefits include advanced ultra-low emission
combustors to address the needs for improvement in technology for
conventional subsonic aircraft and the high speed research program.
The commercial applications for the proposed technology lie in two
areas. First, the need and market for high performance combustors
for aircraft and industrial gas turbine engines is large. Second,
proposed technology will also be applied by Advanced Projects
Research Incorporated in a combustor for a gaseous waste
incinerator and ultimately in other commercial and industrial
burner applications.
Combustor, Low Emissions, Lean Burn Direct Ignition
Project Title:
An Advanced Wave Rotor Design for Low-NOx Turbine Engines
CFD Research Corp.
3325 Triana Blvd.
Huntsville, AL 35805
93-1 01.02 6576 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $70,000
An Advanced Wave Rotor Design for Low-NOx Turbine Engines
Abstract:
A novel wave rotor topping cycle, which incorporates a Rich burn-
Quick mix-Lean burn (RQL) combustor integrally coupled with a wave
rotor, is proposed in this SBIR project. This cycle has the
potential of significantly lower NOx levels than demonstrated RQL
combustors, plus higher engine efficiency. In Phase 1, the
feasibility of producing a NOx emission index of less than 2 while
improving overall cycle efficiency will be evaluated using
analytical methods. Potential wavecycles and combustion systems
will be studied and promising designs will be selected based on
approximate wave-cycle analysis and emissions estimates. 2-D CFD
analysis of wave rotor flow will be performed to reveal important
flow phenomena and help select the best design. 3-D numerical
analysis of the combustor quick-mix section will be performed to
show the feasibility of low NOx levels. Allison Gas Turbine
Division, the selected sub-contractor, will assist in
review/assessment of the designs.
At the end of Phase I, the `best' wave cycle design and component
configuration will be recommended for Phase II study, which will
include both detailed simulation and experimental testing. If the
design is successfully demonstrated in Phase II, there will be
strong potential for application to new low-emission high
performance supersonic and advanced subsonic aircraft engines.
The final products of this project include: 1) a wave
rotor/combustor design that can be incorporated into a gas turbine
engine to advance performance and reduce emissions, and 2) a design
methodology for advanced low emission combustion and core engine
technology utilizing a wave rotor. These products are of growing
interest to manufacturers of gas turbine engines for supersonic,
advanced subsonic and industrial applications.
wave rotor, gas turbine, NOx, cycle efficiency, CFD, pressure
exchanger, emissions, combustor
Project Title:
Shape Memory Alloy Adaptive Control of Gas Turbine Engine Blade Tip
Memry Technologies, Inc.
57 Commerce Drive
Brookfield, CT 06804
93-1-01.02 7311 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,637
Shape Memory Alloy Adaptive Control of Gas Turbine Engine Blade Tip
Clearance.
Abstract:
Blade tip clearance in a gas turbine is critical; each increment of
tip clearance reduction increases efficiency and reduces fuel
consumption. In this study only the compressor section will be
treated. Using a Lycoming T55L-712 turboshaft engine, which has
wide commercial and military application, two stages of the
compressor section will be modified to accept a shape memory alloy
ring whose inner diameter changes with temperature. The compensator
ring will be fabricated of an alloy whose transformation
temperature is suited to the stage 2 and stage 3 of this turbine,
and the design and thermo-mechanical processing of the ring will be
such that when the turbine has reached operating temperature, the
ring diametral change will reduce the tip clearance to
approximately 0.001". Performance will be evaluated for a range of
ambient air temperatures encountered, and the stability of the
compensator ring as a function of cycles of operation and dwell
time at operating temperature. The tip clearance compensation by
the shape memory induced diameter change of a ring insert would
substantially improve engine efficiency and fuel consumption.
Systems for accurately locating the rings in the shroud in both the
axial and radial direction will be developed as well as concepts to
facilitate assembly. Considerations will be given to extending the
concept to the entire compressor section.
An adaptive turbine tip clearance control requiring no external
power source offers efficiency improvement without impacting on
engine reliability or service life. Even small improvements in
specific fuel consumption have an economic impact. The
international market for gas turbines is large, and the competitive
position of U.S. turbine makers is aided by each increment of
improvement in performance.
Shape Memory Alloys, Turbine Tin Clearance Control
Project Title:
Optical Surface Contouring for Non-Destructive Inspection of Turbomachinery
Physical Research, Inc.
25500 Hawthorne Blvd., Suite 2300
Torrance, CA 90505-6828
93-101.03 0056 _ AMOUNT REQUESTED $70,000
Optical Surface Contouring for Non-Destructive Inspection of Turbomachinery
Abstract:
Detection and characterization of surface defects on the internal
components of propulsion systems is currently done by visual
inspection with borescopes. These inspections are subject to many
sources of error and uncertainty, making the experience of the
inspector a critical factor in the quality of the result. Current
economics pressures to improve competitiveness and efficiency exist
throughout the aerospace industry. Improved inspection techniques
are needed in order to eliminate unnecessary equipment teardowns
and yet protect safety margins while making better use of scarce
inspection expertise.
We propose to develop an instrument which will present to the
inspector an accurate three dimensional view of the surface under
inspection. This instrument will eliminate uncertainties about the
precise size of surface defects, making inspections quicker and
more accurate. The instrument will use the technology of non-
contact optical surface contouring; here applied for the first time
to an application which is so dominated by practical difficulties.
In phase I we will determine the feasibility of this instrument, in
both technical and practical terms. Our project team is uniquely
qualified; since it has strong capability in both electro-optical
instrumentation development in the commercialization of NDT
instrumentation for the aerospace industry.
The proposed inspection technology will lead to significant
improvement in the accuracy of inspection and safety of propulsion
system components. It will add significant capability of the in
service inspection of propulsion systems such as SSME turbopump
blades. Once developed, it will find immediate application in a
large variety of tasks where nondestructive, high accuracy
dimensional characterization of complex surfaces are required.
Non contact surface inspection, surface contouring, crack detection
Project Title:
Real Time NOx Measurement Using Spectroscopic Holography for Advanced Combustion Applications
MetroLaser
18006 Skypark Circle #108
Irvine, CA 92714-6428
93-101.03 0688 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,960
Real Time NOx Measurement Using Spectroscopic Holography for Advanced Combustion Applications
Abstract:
This proposal details the necessary steps to adapt the newly
developed technique of Resonant -- Holographic Interferometric
Spectroscopy (RHIS), a powerful spectroscopic technique, to measure
NOx in real time at facilities such as the combustion test rigs at
NASA Lewis. RHIS combines the three-dimensional capabilities of
holography, the phase sensitivity of interferometry, and the
species selectivity of spectroscopy. State-of-the-art RHIS
instrumentation under development at MetroLaser is based on probing
with UV and visible lasers. The innovations in this proposal are to
extend the wavelength range of RHIS into the near IR, to provide
real-time data and to adapt the technique to measure NOx; an
important by-product of combustion linked to ozone depletion.
Extension of RHIS into the IR greatly increases its versatility
because the use of laser diodes dramatically reduces its
complexity, size, and expense. The main challenge for RHIS in the
IR is the lack of suitable holographic material. To meet this
challenge, significant effort will be devoted during Phase I to
examine nascent photorefractive materials for IR sensitive RHIS. In
addition to IR sensitivity, photorefractives require no development
processing, can be read in real-time, and are reusable.
If a Phase II program is funded, this work will result in the
development of an inexpensive, robust, lightweight device that
would have widespread applications in the areas of combustion
diagnostics, aerodynamic flow visualization and plasma deposition
monitoring/control as well as biological, medical and atmospheric
monitoring.
Holography, Nonlinear Optics, Spectroscopy, Interferometry
Photorefractive NOx Measurement
Project Title:
High Mobility Silicon Carbide Electronics
Advanced Technology Materials, Inc.
7 Commerce Drive
Danbury, CT 06810
93-101.03 1100 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
High Mobility Silicon Carbide Electronics
Abstract:
Future aeropropulsion systems require high temperature electronics
and integrated sensors to meet desired performance levels. The wide
bandgap of silicon carbide (SiC) makes it ideally suited for high
temperature operation. To date, virtually all SiC-based devices
have been fabricated using 6H-SiC. Device performance would
significantly increase if 3C-SiC, the cubic form, were available.
3C-SiC has twice the electron and hole mobilities of 6H-SiC and a
slightly higher saturated electron drift velocity. Higher mobility
results in faster switching speeds, higher gain and lower on-
resistances. 3C-SiC is not typically grown in the bulk form because
it is not stable at typical sublimation growth temperatures. The
objective of this proposal is to grow high quality 3C-SiC. We
propose to do this through the development of a novel growth system
which will support the large thermal gradients required to
efficiently produce 3C-SiC. The anticipated results of this Phase
I will be the demonstration of a viable growth process for high
mobility 3C-SiC substrates. The benefits will be to make available
3C-SiC substrates and enable the manufacture of high performance
devices and sensors capable of operating in harsh, high temperature
environments.
The potential commercial products are high performance silicon
carbide devices and sensors which will be used in a wide range of
applications. These include monitor and control functions for high
temperature aeropropulsion and automotive applications and
electronic devices for generation and control of power, both at low
and high frequencies.
Silicon carbide, SiC, 3C-SiC, cubic SiC, high mobility
Project Title:
Intelligent Neural Control in Advanced Aeropropulsion Engines
Dynacs Engineering Co., Inc.
34650 US Hwy 19 N, Suite 301
Palm Harbor, FL 34684
93-101.03 4035 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,684.00
Intelligent Neural Control in Advanced Aeropropulsion Engines
Abstract:
Dynacs Engineering Co., Inc. proposes the design and evaluation of
an intelligent neural control system in aerospace engines which is
capable of withstanding structural failures, component deviations,
and unpredictable perturbations. A hybrid connectionist system is
advocated to fulfill the critical needs in various operating
conditions. The motivation is to pursue a realization of a robust
and fault tolerant engine controller with a high degree of autonomy
and above acceptable performance. The particular areas that we will
address under the proposed efforts will include: identification-
dedicated and control-dedicated neural network architectures, real-
time learning rules, engine health component assessment, controller
association retrieval, and reconfigurable learning control. The
Phase 1 research objective is to demonstrate the proof of concept
of the proposed neural control approach through numerical
simulation of one segment of the overall engine control problem:
engine health component assessment for the Pratt & Whitney PW1128
engine model.
The proposed approach is applicable to space propulsion systems and
both military and civilian airbreathing propulsion systems. The
technology can be incorporated directly into various aerospace
engine control designs for civilian and military aircraft. In a
similar spirit, the proposed architecture can be extended to
dynamic control of large space structures, underwater vehicles,
chemical processes, power plants, and manufacturing scheduling. The
proposed technology will greatly reduce operational and
developmental costs and provide high performance, fault tolerant
control systems in various application domains.
Artificial Neural Networks, Reconfigurable Control, Fault Detection
and Identification, Aeropropulsion Control, Neural Control, Engine
Control, Intelligent Control
Project Title:
Noise Reduction System for General Aviation Aircraft
Ultramet
12173 Montague Street
Pacoima, CA 91331
93-101.04 0236 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
Noise Reduction System for General Aviation Aircraft
Abstract:
Noise generated by general aviation aircraft has a negative impact
on the aviation community, and strict adherence to FAR Part 36
regulations requires noise reductions on the majority of these
aircraft. Any new aircraft certified or any modification to an
existing aircraft must show compliance with this regulation. The
majority of these aircraft are owned by individuals and are used
for recreational flying. Community airport noise standards are
increasingly more strict as suburban areas spread toward small
airports. The majority of noise in these airplanes, which use
reciprocating engines, is derived from the engine and exhaust, and
can be reduced or eliminated through the use of a properly designed
exhaust/muffler system. In this Phase I program, Ultramet proposes
to develop the design methodology and system characterization for
add-on muffler systems requiring only slight modification to the
exhaust system. A durable, high-temperature ceramic foam bulk
adsorber/baffle material will be used to create 20-25 dB engine
noise reduction at design exhaust system backpressures of less than
2" of mercury. The proposed program will include acoustic
characterization of various high-temperature baffle/adsorber
materials, providing a design methodology for a given airplane
engine noise frequency spectrum and sound pressure level.
Additionally, the design procedures and materials data will be
verified by constructing and beginning FAR qualification of a quiet
muffler system for a general aviation aircraft.
This program will provide the precompetitive design information
required to develop quiet mufflers and hush kits for general
aviation aircraft. Some 300,000 general aviation aircraft are
currently flying, all of which are or will be affected by community
airport noise standards as well as FAR Part 36 standards. Other
applications include motorcycle/moped, and performance automobile
mufflers.
noise reduction, general aviation aircraft, aircraft engines,
muffler, ceramic foam
Project Title:
Advanced Uniflow 2-Cycle Aero-Diesel Powerplant
G.S. Engineering and Machine Co.
P.O. Box 7743
Incline Village, Nevada 89450
93-1 01.04 3917 AMOUNT REQUESTED $67,850
Advanced Uniflow 2-Cycle Aero-Diesel Powerplant
Abstract:
This proposal outlines the design and development of a uniflow two
stroke Aero-Diesel engine core in response to the NASA SBIR
solicitation for a general aviation aircraft propulsion system.
The proposed engine will offer increased power density, simplified
operation, reduced emissions, noise, and vibration, while enhancing
reliability and safety when compared to currently available general
aviation aircraft engines. Important innovations are:
* Reciprocating, uniflow sleeve valve to control intake and
exhaust ports
* Hypocycloidal crank design that reduces engine size, weight
and vibration
* Electronic fuel injection/engine management system.
* Governor controlled single lever variable pitch integration
system. These innovations are aimed at the NASA supplied
objectives "to improve performance, safety and reliability,
simplify operations, reduce maintenance and costs, and improve
environmental compatibility." and address the limitations with
current general aviation powerplants.
Potential commercial applications of the proposed work are: 1)
UAV/RPV propulsion capable of running on heavy fuel, 2) small
marine engines for military, commercial, and recreational markets,
3) auxiliary power units (generators) and portable fire pumps, and
4) advanced, clean burning, two stroke diesel engines for
automotive and motorcycle markets.
hypocycloidal, sleeve valve, uniflow, diesel, two cycle, synergism,
lightweight, compound
Project Title:
Analysis/Design of Aeropropulsion Structures due to Acoustic and Dynamic Fatigue
Wright Materials Research
3591 Apple Grove Dr.
Beavercreek, OH 45430
93-1 01.05 4208 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,995
Analysis/Design of Aeropropulsion Structures due to Acoustic and Dynamic Fatigue
Abstract:
Fatigue problem has been an important issue in aeropropulsion
system composite structures due to acoustic pressure, vibration and
hostile environments. Various forms of damage caused by fatigue
loadings can degrade the structural properties. This Phase I
research proposes a combined BEM/FEM approach (using 2-D and 3-D
elasticity theory) for dynamic analyses of aeropropulsion system
structures. The thicker part of the structure or the portion with
complex shape will be analyzed using a BEM whereas the thinner
section will be analyzed using a FEM. The new BEM proposed will be
able to accurately analyze anisotropic materials and structures
subjected to acoustic pressure and various forms of dynamic
loadings. The proposed methodology will capture the advantages of
both the FEMs and the BEMs and achieve an optimal combination of
efficiency, accuracy and cost. A user friendly computer program
with this BEM/FEM model and a fatigue criterion will be developed
for the probabilistic design of aeropropulsion system structures.
Dr. Tan and Dr. Li have published individually nearly forty papers
related to this topic. Once the computer program is parallelized in
phase II of this program it will be an excellent multidisciplinary
design and analysis tool for aeropropulsion system involving multi-
components.
The computational tool developed in this proposed program can be
used to effectively analyze and perform probabilistic design for
aeropropulsion composite structures including engine fan blade and
housing for military and commercial aircraft. When the computer
program is parallelized in Phase II of this program, the computer
execution time and cost will be reduced tremendously yet the
solution will be very accurate.
Aeropropulsion structures, Acoustic Fatigue, Dynamics,
Probabilistic Design, BEM-FEM
Project Title:
Structural Characterization of Metal-Matrix Composites Using Computed Tomography Data
ARACOR
425 Lakeside Drive
Sunnyvale, CA 94086
93-101.05 7780 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
Structural Characterization of Metal-Matrix Composites Using Computed Tomography Data
Abstract:
ARACOR proposes to develop image processing tools and integrate
them into a software package running on UNIX workstations that can
efficiently and quantitatively analyze computed tomography (CT)
images of metal-matrix composites (MMC's). The software will
provide numerical data to microstructural and structural models of
performance. The Phase I effort will determine the relevant
features to be modeled in metal-matrix composites, determine
sensitivity of image processing tools to detect and quantify the
relevant features in MMC's, and develop a conceptual design of a
data analysis workstation for characterizing and quantifying MMC CT
data. It is anticipated that a software system can be designed
which will provide researchers with a user-friendly, efficient
system to extract relevant features from CT data of MMC's and
seamlessly integrate this data with existing modeling packages such
as finite element (FE) and computer-aided design (CAD) software.
The availability of such a software capability will transform CT
from a qualitative tool to a powerful quantitative tool which can
be used to test existing models, improve emerging models, and
develop new models to predict the structural performance of
aeropropulsion materials in complex, multivariable operating
environments.
A successful Phase II program will produce the software to
efficiently analyze nondestructive CT data of metal-matrix
composites specifically and many other material systems as well.
The software will be of significant use by researchers, developers,
designers, and users of advanced composite materials that have
access to CT data. The program will also produce the capability to
incorporate material databases with the software which will relate
CT data with mechanical properties. The databases thus provide
another avenue for commercialization.
Computed Tomography, Metal-Matrix Composites, Image Processing,
Quantitative Analysis, Workstation, Feature Extraction
Project Title:
Drag-Prediction Algorithms for Navier-Stokes Solutions over
High Technology Corporation
28 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666
93-1 02.01 0818B
Drag-Prediction Algorithms for Navier-Stokes Solutions over
Single- and Multiple-Element Airfoils
Abstract:
Accurate prediction of the aerodynamic lift and drag is a
critical requirement in the development process of an aircraft.
Presently, computational methods based on numerical solution of
the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations are being
applied by aircraft manufacturers to design aerodynamically more
efficient and structurally lighter and less complex multi-element
high-lift systems. Although these N-S solvers predict the complex
flow field and the lift force fairly well, the predicted drag is
often off by 100% or more. This discrepancy in the drag
prediction is in large part the result of calculating the
aerodynamic force using integration of surface pressure and
skin-friction distributions around the contours of the
configuration. The inadequacy of this "near-field" type of
drag-prediction technique has been known for more than fifty
years. However, present-day N-S solvers rely solely on this
technique to calculate drag, mainly because of its simple
implementation. In the proposed project several postprocessing
algorithms based on "far-field" type of drag-prediction
techniques will be developed and validated. These types of
techniques are known to be more accurate than the
surface-integration technique and will be applied to compute the
drag based on computed flow fields of various N-S solvers.
The proposed drag-prediction algorithms for Reynolds-averaged
Navier-Stokes solutions are unique and have direct commercial
value. Drag-prediction algorithms developed earlier by the
present investigators for inviscid flow (Euler) solutions are now
being implemented by the industry. The proposed computational
tools for viscous-flow solutions would further enhance the
efficiency of the aerodynamic design process of aerospace
vehicles.
computational fluid dynamics, postprocessing algorithms, drag
prediction, Navier-Stokes equations
Project Title:
Knowledge Driven Computational Fluid Dynamics Automation
ISX Corporation
4353 Park Terrace Drive
Westlake Village CA 91361
93-1 02.01 2020
Knowledge Driven Computational Fluid Dynamics Automation
Abstract:
This SBIR proposes to exploit the technical opportunity to apply
knowledge based systems (KBS) technology to increase the user
friendliness of Ames Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical
aerodynamic simulations. Phase I has two objectives: establish
the feasibility of providing an innovative enhancement of the
user friendliness of surface, grid generation, and flow solver
application software through KBS technology; produce a system
design for a Phase II program developing a KBS enhanced CFD
capability. Five tasks are proposed to achieve these objectives:
CFD domain analysis; visionary system storyboarding; visionary
system design; technology assessment; Phase 11 development
roadmap construction. The Phase I program will result in a CFD
domain model and operational case, a process model and
operational scenario, a user validated storyboard demo, a
preliminary system architecture, a functional technology
requirement list, a technology assignment list, a critical
experiment list, and a Phase 11 development plan. KBS enhanced
CFD processes can provide an innovative means to assist Ames in
its mission to provide NASA with state-of-the-art numerical
aerodynamic simulation capability. The specific benefits will
include more frequent, wider, and higher quality use by air frame
designers (non-CFD staff) both inside NASA and in commercial
design organizations.
One of the largest user segments of Ames CFD capabilities is the
commercial aircraft industry. Although these users can be
sophisticated in aerodynamics, they may have little experience in
the nuances of numerical aerodynamic simulation. Improvements in
the user friendliness of Ames software would be of great interest
to this community and should lead to a range of commercialization
opportunities for software licensing and productization.
Computational Fluid Dynamics, User Friendly Systems, Expert
Systems, Knowledge Based Systems, Knowledge Engineering,
Associate Systems, Aerodynamic Simulation.
Project Title:
Error Analysis for Computational Fluid Dynamics
Creare Incorporated
P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755
93-1 02.01 3800
Error Analysis for Computational Fluid Dynamics
Abstract:
Present CFD software provides only crude or no estimates of
uncertainty in the calculated results. To bring error analysis in
CFD to the level of development achieved for experimental data
requires a systematic application of error analysis principles.
This project proposes to develop an error analysis methodology
and, if continued through Phase II, software to estimate
uncertainty in CFD calculations. The methodology will be
demonstrated in Phase I by CFD performance and uncertainty
calculations, comparisons with data, and a complete error
analysis for a basic problem of applied interest. The resulting
methods and algorithms will be applicable to a wide range of
other CFD problems.
The methods and software developed on this project will be
applicable to error analysis of CFD calculations for a wide
variety of government and industrial users of CFD.
computational fluid dynamics, uncertainty, error analysis
Project Title:
A Fully Conservative Chimera Approach for Structured/Unstructured
CFD Research Corp.
3325 Triana Blvd.
Huntsville, AL 35805
93-1 02.01 6576
A Fully Conservative Chimera Approach for Structured/Unstructured
Grids in Computational Fluid Dynamics
Abstract:
In the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), a multi-zonal
approach greatly facilitates adequate representation of complex
geometry and different flow physics in different parts of the
flow domain. Previous multi-zonal patched and overlapped
approaches suffered from one or both of the following problems:
conservation and generality. A new approach is proposed to
resolve both of these problems. In the proposed approach, one of
the overlapping boundaries is used to divide the physical flow
domain into non-overlapping regions and flux conservation is
enforced on this overlapping boundary locally and globally. The
interpolation of flow variables from one zone to another is not
necessary. The proposed approach can handle overlapped structured
and unstructured grids, thus increasing its capability of
handling geometrically very complex components. The proposed
approach is fully conservative, suitable for both steady and
unsteady flow problems and easy to implement in
finite-difference/finite volume CFD codes. In Phase I, the
proposed methodology will be implemented and assessed for
selected 2D and 3D problems without relative mesh movement.
Further extension to viscous flows and unsteady flows with
relative mesh movement and implementation of the proposed
methodology in a production-level flow analysis code will be
carried out in Phase II.
The proposed project will provide a general, highly accurate,
fully conservative zonal interface method for arbitrarily aligned
structured/unstructured multi-zonal meshes. The stand alone
modules produced in Phase I can be easily integrated into
multi-zonal CFD codes, greatly enhancing their ability to handle
complex geometries with improved accuracy. The final adapted CFD
code, produced in Phase II, will have wide applications both in
Government and private industry.
Computational Fluid Dynamics, Conservative, Hybrid Grids,
Overlapped Grids, Chimera Scheme
Project Title:
Aeroelastic Navier-Stokes Code Using a Novel High Order Compact
Continuum Dynamics, Inc.
P.O. Box 3073
Princeton, NJ 08543-3073
93-1 02.01 9282
Aeroelastic Navier-Stokes Code Using a Novel High Order Compact
Scheme
Abstract:
A need to extend current second order accurate finite
volume-based flow solvers to higher order accuracy is identified.
To meet this goal, a higher order compact strategy for modeling
unsteady compressible and viscous flows is proposed. By forming
spatial moments of the applicative conservation laws and also the
k-e turbulence model equations, expressions governing the
evolution of the higher order spatial derivatives of the flow
variables are obtained. The higher order terms utilize the same
numerical flux-splitting expressions employed in their zeroth
order counterparts thereby taking advantage of the extensive
previous development of approximate Rieman solvers and also
retaining the closer physical modeling afforded by such models.
Different interpolation orders can be employed between
neighboring cells, thus opening the possibility of combined
polynomial order adaptation and spatial refinement leading to
faster convergence rates using fewer variables. During Phase I, a
2D aeroelastic Navier-Stokes code using a k-e turbulence model on
an unstructured triangular mesh will be developed. Results will
be obtained for selected transonic flows in order to validate the
code and demonstrate the computational effectiveness and
robustness of the higher order analysis.
The principal benefit of this work to commercial licensers of
this technology would be an adaptive higher order modeling
capability for fluid-structure interaction involving 3D
Navier-Stokes flows. Subsequent to the Phase I validation of the
new novel higher order compact scheme, an adaptive strategy
combining both polynomial order and spatial refinement will be
produced in the Phase II follow-on and applied to both fixed-wing
and rotor configurations. This software package will be marketed
in Phase III.
Higher Order Compact Scheme, Navier-Stokes Simulation, Finite
Volume Discretization, Fluid/Structure Interaction, Adaptation,
h-p Adaptation
Project Title:
Transition Control in Corner Flow of a Supersonic Square Nozzle
High Technology Corporation
28 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666
93-1 02.02 0818
Transition Control in Corner Flow of a Supersonic Square Nozzle
Abstract:
"Quiet" (low-disturbance) wind tunnels, needed for transition
research, require cleverly designed nozzle contours for
stabilization or delay of dominant instabilities in supersonic
nozzle wall boundary layers. However, if a nozzle of square
cross-section is utilized, nozzle performance may be degraded due
to early transition in flow along corners. Here, we propose a
study to understand the instability mechanism and evaluate
control techniques. "Quiet" supersonic nozzles are required for
research needed to develop aerotechnology for High Speed Civil
Transport (HSCT).
The proposed research will help develop such wind tunnel
facilities and will also have application in transition control
along the corners of the engine inlet for hypersonic transport.
The research is also relevant in wing-body juncture flows. Apart
from control techniques, a design-oriented computer code, which
will be of great commercial value, will result.
corner flow, transition, control, supersonic
Project Title:
Full Chord Laminar Flow for GA Aircraft Wings with only a Limited
Analytical Services & Materials, Inc
107 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666
93-1 02.02 7324
Full Chord Laminar Flow for GA Aircraft Wings with only a Limited
Suction Region
Abstract:
The perennial demand in the GA market for more speed can be met
without power increases by achieving extensive runs of laminar
flow. The use of full chord laminar flow can provide an eight
fold decrease in wing parasite drag and as much as a 35%
reduction in overall parasite drag for typical GA aircraft.
Laminarizing the wing surface of GA aircraft provides dramatic
drag reduction if 65% or more of the chord has been laminarized.
The use of suction limited only to a band within the aft pressure
recovery can stabilize the boundary layer of carefully designed
LFC airfoils and allow full chord laminar flow over the upper
surface including the flap region. The work team expertise has
been gained in a variety of state of the art laminar flow
research projects, as well as in the design of General Aviation
aircraft. The team's expertise has provided the NASA NLF(1)-0414F
that has demonstrated the lowest measured drag of any NLF
airfoil. The objective of the project is to design, as well as
develop, and build an airfoil and wing that can be conveniently
used on popular GA high performance aircraft. The ultimate goal
is to market the laminar flow wing as a series of FAA STCs for
re-winging a series of production GA aircraft.
The wing design proposed will find commercial applications in the
GA marketplace which has historically sought products that
provide an increase in cruising speed without requiring a change
in the powerplant.
Laminar Flow, boundary-layer, suction, wing, airfoil, aviation
Project Title:
New Models and Data for Nonequilibrium Chemistry in Hypersonic
CTSA, Inc.
140 Segsbury Rd.
Williamsville, NY 14221
93-1 02.03 0482
New Models and Data for Nonequilibrium Chemistry in Hypersonic
Flows
Abstract:
The development and validation of new theoretical models for the
rates of chemical reactions and molecular energy transfer are
proposed. The models will be valid for conditions of extreme
thermodynamic disequilibrium in hypersonic gas flows in which the
vibrational, rotational, and translational modes of molecular
motion are not equilibrated. Extension is also made to consider
energy transfer into low-lying excited electronic states. These
models will be incorporated into high temperatures compressible
flow codes, and can also be applied to new developing plasma
chemistry and laser technologies. The research will be done by
CTSA, Inc. with support from the Department of Mechanical
Engineering of The Ohio State University. The new rate models
will greatly improve the prediction of radiation, gas properties,
and thermal heating phenomena for flows around hypersonic
vehicles.
The nonequilibrium rate models to be developed are of crucial
importance to the design and analysis of electric discharges used
in new chemical syntheses (diamond films, stable isotope
enrichment) and for environment gas cleaning applications.
Aerothermodynamics, Nonequilibrium Flows, Molecular Energy
Transfer, Vibrational Relaxation
Project Title:
Deep-UV, Solid State Laser for Non-intrusive Diagnostics of
Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc., Research Div.
45 Winthrop Street
Concord, MA 01742
93-1 02.03 2299
Deep-UV, Solid State Laser for Non-intrusive Diagnostics of
Hypersonic Flows
Abstract:
The innovation proposed here is the development of a new,
all-solid-state, single-frequency, laser that is tunable in the
180- to 210-nm region with application to hypersonic,
reactive-flow diagnostics. This wavelength region has not, to
date, been accessible with a practical laser that can provide the
performance characteristics needed for precision spectroscopic
techniques. In addition to providing a new, tunable laser source
in this region of the spectrum, the proposed approach will
provide an all-solid-state laser. The solid state design makes
the system intrinsically more suitable to use in laboratory
instrumentation overcoming a number of disadvantages posed by
other possible approaches that would employ non-solid-state media
such as excimers, organic dyes and gas cells. A practical laser
operating in this wavelength region will significantly enhance
the capabilities of spectroscopic techniques for hypersonic
reactive flows. Three techniques already identified as
beneficiaries are hydrogen RELIEF [1], high-brightness, O2,
RELIEF [1] and resonant holography [2]. The laser system is
comprised of four subsystems: 1) Nd:YAG pump lasers; 2) a
fixed-wavelength (1732-nm), Er:YLF, laser source; 3) a tunable
(205- to 240-nm), titanium-sapphire, laser source; and 4) the LBO
sum-frequency-mixing module where the 180- to 210-nm UV radiation
is generated.
The instrumentation developed under this program would have
applications as a commercial scientific laser system for use in
basic investigations of atomic, molecular, and radical species
that are not necessarily in high-speed flows. For example, it
would be useful in microgravity combustion diagnostics and in a
range of environmental remote-sensing applications where the
detection of specific species is critical.
tunable laser, non-intrusive diagnostics, hypersonic flows.
deep-UV laser
Project Title:
Imaging of Inlet Mass Capture in Hypersonic Engine Inlet Testing
Los Gatos Research
19148 Old Vineyard Rd.
Los Gatos, CA 95030
93-1 02.03 2310
Imaging of Inlet Mass Capture in Hypersonic Engine Inlet Testing
Abstract:
We propose to develop a new technology which will allow imaging
of the spatial distributions of air mass capture for testing and
development of advanced hypersonic engine inlets. The approach we
will develop will function within the constraints of the highly
limited optical access offered by such combustors and can offer
temporal resolution of better than five nanoseconds. The system
we will develop will be demonstrated in Phase I and installed and
tested on the 16 inch shock tube facility at NASA Ames Research
Center. At the present time, the 16 inch shock tunnel facility at
Ames is at the forefront of development testing for hypersonic
propulsion system design, and relies heavily upon computational
fluid dynamic code predictions to guide this work. Experimental
benchmark verification is desperately needed for this work to
continue on firm ground. The proposed work has significant
potential to provide such verification. Commercial applications
will be developed for flow imaging and fuel mixing optimization
in automotive and jet engine development.
This work will demonstrate a new technique which will permit two
dimensional imaging of flows under conditions of very limited
optical access. Commercial applications will be developed in fuel
and chemical mixing technology.
phase conjugation, laser sensing, imaging
Project Title:
A Simplified Vorticity-Enhanced Potential Flow Method for Early
Nielsen Engineering & Research, Inc.
526 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, CA 94043-2212
93-1 02.05 9457A
A Simplified Vorticity-Enhanced Potential Flow Method for Early
Design and Analysis of Maneuvering Aircraft at High Angles of
Attack
Abstract:
Maneuvering aircraft at high angles of attack experience severe
unsteady loading. This loading, when unanticipated at the design
stage, can cause fatigue problems and, possibly, structural
failure. Such instances have occurred in the past, for example
on the twin vertical tail section of aircraft such as the F-15
and F-18, and may be anticipated with the F-22. The costs
associated with retrofitting such aircraft are substantial. If
the aerodynamic problems and/or fluid/structure interactions are
caught early in the design cycle, much of those costs can be
avoided. Preliminary design of high performance highly agile
flight vehicles requires efficient aerodynamic analysis tools.
These tools must be capable of capturing the key physics which
are the cause of these adverse interactions. For high angles of
attack and/or unsteady maneuver, the flowfield is complex and the
aerodynamic loads can no longer be characterized by simplified,
quasi-linear, methods such as aerodynamic derivatives. The
research work proposed herein is to develop a viable alternative
to existing methods by enhancing a well-tested three-dimensional
unsteady full potential code to include high angle of attack
vortical effects.
The proposed project is of considerable benefit to the Federal
Government and to the aerospace industry because the completed
Phase II project will deliver an engineering methodology and a
prediction tool to help designers to ensure that the fatigue
problems occurring on twin-tail tactical fighters do not arise in
future aircraft designs. The completed project provides the
basis for commercial software that will be licensed to the
aircraft and missile production companies to help their design
process.
Unsteady Aerodynamics, Unsteady Flow Separation, Vortex
Breakdown, Buffeting, Mathematical Modeling, High Angle of
Attack, Potential Flow, Computational Fluid Dynamics
Project Title:
An Optical Imaging and Tracking System for Rotor Blade Motion
Center for Remote Sensing, Inc.
5667 Snell Avenue, Suite 223
San Jose, CA 95123
93-1 02.06 9567
An Optical Imaging and Tracking System for Rotor Blade Motion
Abstract:
The advancement of modem helicopter designs is presently
dependent on the isolation and elimination of high level
vibration sources throughout the aircraft. One particular area of
concern is the rotor blades. The proposed research is directed at
designing and building a simple system for imaging and tracking
the complex rigid rotor blade motion of napping, lead-lag, and
blade pitch. This rotor blade imaging and tracking system will
provide an efficient and synergistic combination of a light
source that illuminates the rotor blades with a specific line
pattern, a camera assemblage for recording the reflected light
from the blades, and a software package to analyze the recorded
images and drive the tracking system according to desired
specifications. Tests with computer simulations and a model rotor
will demonstrate the feasibility of the imaging and tracking
system.
The optical rotor blade imaging and tracking system developed
here can be directly applied to commercial helicopters. The
system can also be adapted to other high-speed rotating devices
where design analysis of vibrations is critical. Examples are
turbines, rotating machinery, and aquatic and airplane
propellers.
Rotor Blade, Helicopter, Vibrations, Optical Tracking, Image
Processing
Project Title:
Active Suppression of Shear-Layer/Cavity Resonance Interactions
High Technology Corporation
28 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666
93-1 02.07 0818
Active Suppression of Shear-Layer/Cavity Resonance Interactions
Abstract:
The control of the resonant interaction between a free shear layer and an
open cavity is of direct relevance to wind-tunnel testing and aircraft
applications. Techniques will be investigated for the control of acoustic
resonances in open cavity flows. This problem is comprised of the nonlinear
interaction between a turbulent free shear layer, cavity acoustics, the
geometry of reattachment, and acoustic receptivity of the separating shear
layer. This program is focused on active minimization of acoustic levels
within open cavities, modification of shear-layer characteristics, and control
of complex feedback systems using neural nets. This approach is innovative
in the application of control strategies to shear layers with high Reynolds
number turbulent inflow conditions, the development of actuators, and the
application of neural nets to a system having multiple degrees of freedom,
multiple actuators, and minimization of acoustic levels over a large volume.
The effort is targeted at the control of turbulence-induced sound on models
and microphones, and is generally aimed at any flow separation problem with
resonance between a free shear layer and an open cavity, and the minimization
of noise in high Reynolds number open cavity flows as is encountered in
aircraft instrument bays.
Control of cavity acoustics and regions of flow separation on commercial
and military aircraft, modification of wind tunnel acoustics and low noise
microphone systems, ground vehicle source noise control, efficiency improvement
in combustors and combustion systems, and control of separation noise on submarines.
active control, cavity resonance, shear layers, neutral networks
Project Title:
Array Design for Wind Tunnel Acoustic Measurements
Planning Systems, Inc.
7923 Jones Branch Drive
McLean, VA 22102
93-1 02.07 3400
Array Design for Wind Tunnel Acoustic Measurements
Abstract:
We propose to determine the feasibility and the benefits of
making acoustic measurements in wind tunnels - such as the Ames
40-by-80 Foot Wind Tunnel using acoustic arrays. To prevent
acoustic path distortion due to the in-flow/ out-of-flow shear
layer, arrays must be placed in-flow. A major difficulty with
placement of sensors in-flow is self-noise. We propose as an
innovative solution to this problem the use of acoustic arrays
which reduce both ambient noise and self-noise. In particular,
we propose the use of Mills Cross arrays, which in addition
integrate out uncorrelated self-noise. Specifically, we propose
to determine the applicability of arrays by 1) analyzing
conventional and Mills Cross arrays of sensors, and 2) measuring
sensor self-noise characteristics, using innovative inexpensive
piezo-electric sensors developed by PSI for this purpose. Issues
such as potential array configuration, near-field vs. far-field
measurements, rejection of reflections, frequency coverage, and
robustness will be addressed. In the Phase I effort
computational, mechanical, and electrical specifications for the
proposed array and its signal processing will be produced. This
provides for a rapid implementation of improvements to the
measurement capabilities at Ames and other existing facilities.
Improved measurement capabilities for acoustic research in wind
tunnels is important to both the government and private sectors,
and both stand to gain from marketable advancements. This
project is a step toward providing a means by which existing
measurement facilities can achieve tangible improvement in
acoustic measurement capabilities, for a nominal cost. The
ensuing marketable products consist of specialized acoustic wind
tunnel arrays and processing systems.
Mills Cross, Arrays, Acoustic, Wind Tunnel, Piezo-electric Sensor
Project Title:
Microphone Arrays and Signal Processing for Accurate Wind Tunnel
Radix Systems, Inc.
6 Taft Court
Rockville, MD 20850
93-1 02.07 7410
Microphone Arrays and Signal Processing for Accurate Wind Tunnel
Acoustic Measurements
Abstract:
Existing legislation requires substantial reduction in the
radiated noise levels of commercial aircraft. Therefore, it is
especially important to obtain dependable acoustic measurements
of aircraft component models in wind tunnels before they are
incorporated into aircraft designs. The proposed method uses
microphone arrays to simultaneously focus upon the aircraft model
and to steer nulls at sources of interference, such as the wind
tunnel drive system or reflections from non-anechoic surfaces. To
adapt to the highly refractive wind tunnel conditions, a compact
sound source will be mounted on the model to emit periodic probe
pulses for direct measurement of propagation times. This
innovation will eliminate the need for detailed propagation
models, yet provide precise focusing and noise rejection. It will
improve signal-to-noise ratios, and yield accurate sound
radiation estimates of aircraft models in all wind conditions,
even in non-anechoic wind tunnels. Radix Systems, Inc. proposes a
complete series of microphone array designs and evaluations for
acoustic radiation measurements in the NASA Ames 40- by 80-ft
Wind Tunnel facility.
After a successful prototype demonstration in the NASA Ames Wind
Tunnel, development of microphone arrays and signal processors
for application in wind tunnels maintained by the major aircraft
manufacturers can proceed. The techniques to be developed are an
attractive alternative to expensive wind tunnel fan noise
quieting and acoustical wall treatments for eliminating
reverberation.
Broadband Radiation Measurement, Wind Tunnel Acoustics, Log-
Periodic Array, Null-Steer Beamforming
Project Title:
93-1 02.08 1122
A Novel, Non-Intrusive, Localized Gas Flow Diagnostic
This SBIR program will develop a novel optical diagnostic for
measuring velocity and turbulence in flowing gases. It is
non-intrusive, spatially localized in three dimensions, does not
depend on scattering from particulates or gas molecules and can
be absolutely calibrated. It is suitable for study of many
fluids, including hypersonic flows. The device measures optical
fluctuations due to gas density variations of selected scale size
in a small focal region within the flow. These fluctuations are
digitized at megahertz frequencies. The peak frequency in the
signal spectrum, combined with the spatial scale size setting,
directly determines the transverse flow velocity. Sound waves,
which show the local temperature, would produce additional
smaller spectral peaks. The scale size setting can be varied, or
several diagnostic heads can be combined to determine the
distribution of the turbulence scale sizes in the flow. The new
device will be demonstrated and characterized in Phase I and a
deliverable instrument will be designed to be built and used at a
NASA facility during Phase II.
This device will be simpler than hot-wire anemometry or laser
Doppler velocimetry and will measure additional flow parameters
as well. It can utilize any bright, collimated light source and
requires only two balanced photodetectors, making it potentially
inexpensive and therefore suitable for widespread use in fluid
studies.
flow, velocity, turbulence, fluctuation, correlation,
measurement, optical, wind tunnel
Science Research Laboratory, Inc.
15 Wart Street
Somerville, MA 02143
Abstract:
Project Title:
High Temp. Piezo and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Polymers for
Displaytech, Inc.
2200 Central Avenue
Boulder, CO 80301
93-1 02.08 8933
High Temp. Piezo and Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Polymers for
Wind Tunnel Use Tunnel Applications
Abstract:
The optical visualization of air or gas flow and the induced
stress field is crucial to many applications in aerodynamic
research. A new liquid crystal shear sensor based on
ferroelectric liquid crystals has been shown to respond in the
sub-millisecond time regime, making it an attractive candidate
for a fast response flow-field sensor. Two drawbacks are noted
for use of FLCs as field-flow sensors: 1) the active temperature
range of a typical FLC is usually below 100@C, and 2) due to low
viscosity, high air flows tend to remove the liquid crystal from
the test surface. In this proposal, we suggest an approach that
should dramatically improve performance of FLCs in both these
areas. By attachment of the properly selected FLC mesogen to a
polymer backbone, the smectic C range can be greatly raised, and
adhesion to the test surface markedly improved. In addition,
integration of high polarization mesogens should result in a
strong piezoelectric effect useful in pressure sensing
applications.
The new shear stress and pressure sensors can be used in
communications, medical instrumentation, mechanical field
measurements, and aircraft safety and design.
ferroelectric, FLC, piezoelectric, pressure sensor, field-flow
sensor
Project Title:
High-Speed Optically Buffered Flow Visualization System
Innovation Associates, Inc.
P.O. Box 1306
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
93-1 02.08 9338
High-Speed Optically Buffered Flow Visualization System
Abstract:
Fast framing digital cameras which can acquire high spatial
resolution transient wind tunnel flow-visualization imagery in
boundary layers do not yet exist. To address this need,
Innovation Associates proposes to develop a unique High-speed
Optically Buffered Flow-Field Visualization System (HOBS)
utilizing recently developed real-time holographic recording
media such as bacteriorhodopsin. HOBS will be capable of: a)
recording 100 2-D flow visualization images with 512x512
resolution at a 10k or higher framing rate onto an optical
buffer, b) re-imaging and digitizing the stored images at
standard video rates, and c) storing the digital images onto a
computer disk for subsequent analysis. No other global flowfield
visualization technique presently exists which can rapidly
provide digitized images with the speed of resolution of HOBS.
During Phase I, Innovation Associates will demonstrate the
feasibility of developing the optical buffer utilizing recently
developed high-resolution real-time recording media, will
evaluate options for extending HOBS design to support higher
framing rates and larger number of recorded images, and develop
the system design and specifications for Phase II implementation.
The proposed system will provide an advanced research and
inspection tool for laser-materials interaction, plume evolution,
shock waves, hypervelocity ballistics detonations, plasma
evolution and any process requiring high speed photographic
system.
wave-front, wave-front analysis sensor, interferometry, high
speed videography, bacteriorhodopsin, photo-polymer
Project Title:
Development of a Finite Element Model of Elastic Porous Materials
Automated Analysis Corporation
2805 S. Industrial, Suite 100
Ann Arbor, MI 48104-6767
93-1 02.09 1000
Development of a Finite Element Model of Elastic Porous Materials
for Use in Passive and Active Noise Control Design Procedures
Abstract:
In the proposed work a complete elastic porous material theory
will be used as a basis for developing the first two-dimensional
acoustical finite element model of noise control foams. Although
foams are widely used for passive control of aircraft and
automobile interior noise, complete numerical models of those
materials do not exist, thus limiting the design alternatives
available to numerical analysts. The development of finite
element foam models that are compatible with existing acoustical
finite element codes would allow, for example, optimal design of
high transmission loss fuselage treatments by using modern
numerical techniques. To illustrate the utility of the proposed
work, the transmission loss of finite, foam-lined fuselage
sections will be calculated. In addition, a two-dimensional
acoustical finite element model of "smart foam" will be
developed, so allowing simulations of the latter's effectiveness
for active control of vehicle interior noise. "Smart foams" are
foam layers containing shaped piezoelectric membranes; by
applying appropriate voltages to the membrane it may be possible
to enhance the sound absorption and transmission properties of
foam layers, particularly at low frequencies. The work will be
performed over a period of six months by AAC personnel with
assistance from personnel at Purdue University.
The elastic-absorption finite element technology developed during
Phase I ca be marketed as a complement to the general purpose FEM
code that is currently being developed by Automated Analysis
Corporation. It is also a valuable addition to established
general purpose acoustic codes. It will promote active and
passive noise control researches in the aerospace, automotive and
defense industries.
Finite Element Model, Elastic Porous Material, "Smart Foams"
Project Title:
Prediction of High Speed Jet Noise Reduction by Vorticity Shed
BEAM Engineering and Applied Research
612 E. Buffalo St.
Ithaca, N.Y. 14850
93-1 02.09 1724
Prediction of High Speed Jet Noise Reduction by Vorticity Shed
from Circumferentially Mounted Elements
Abstract:
We will develop a method to predict the increase of mixing in a
high speed jet by vorticity shed from elements mounted on the
circumference of the jet lip. In high speed jets the increase of
mixing is directly correlated with noise reduction. Noise
reduction, in turn, is an important goal of the NASA High Speed
Research Program. Recent experiments at NASA Langley have shown
that a ring of circumferentially mounted prism shaped wedges
protruding into the jet reduces the noise emitted. The end
product of this work will be a tool to optimize the shape and
spacing of the circumferentially mounted elements, to this end we
will develop a method to estimate the increase in mixing. The key
ingredients in the prediction of the increase in mixing are: A
quantitative model for the vorticity shed from the particular
shape mounted on the jet circumference; A model for the evolution
of the vorticies shed as they are swept downstream; An estimate
of the likelihood and location of vortex breakdown; An evaluation
of the total increase in mixing in the jet mixing layer; A study
of the stability of the annular mixing layer with respect to
three dimensional perturbations and the possible development of
three dimensional jet instability modes. In Phase I we will
concentrate on a particular shape for the elements, namely the
prism shaped elements for which noise reduction experimental data
from a hot high speed jet is available for comparison. In Phase
II we will develop a complete design tool for optimizing the
shape and spacing of the elements for the purposes of increasing
the mixing in the jet annular mixing layer or jet noise
reduction.
The tool will be used in the design of engine nozzles for the
High Speed Civil Transport, where noise reduction is a critical
issue. The design tool offers great savings over experiments that
attempt to map out the effects of shape and spacing on the
increase of mixing and noise reduction. Other applications which
benefit from increased jet mixing in the areas of combustion and
civil engineering offer additional commercial potential.
High Speed Jets, Noise Reduction, Increase Mixing
Project Title:
Supersonic Jet Noise Prediction and Control
High Technology Corporation
28 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666
93-1 02.10 0818
Supersonic Jet Noise Prediction and Control
Abstract:
Recent studies have demonstrated that a definite relation exists
between instability waves and noise of high-speed jets and,
hence, the instability wave model can be used to predict certain
features of the jet noise. The instability model used in these
studies is based upon compressible Rayleigh equation. Here, we
propose to develop a computer code which will incorporate a much
more advanced stability model based upon full nonlinear equations
for a developing jet. This new nonlinear instability model can
provide an efficient means for performing control studies using
nozzle geometry, jet temperature, swirl and modal interaction.
The proposed model can not only provide qualitative features of
the jet noise but also will predict its amplitude and can also be
used to compute Lighthill's stress tensor. It will serve as a
bridge between the simplistic approach based upon compressible
Rayleigh equation and the direct solution of the Navier-Stokes
equations. Computationally, the proposed approach is two orders
of magnitude cheaper than DNS and, therefore, it constitutes a
viable design approach.
Control of jet noise has many commercial applications and is of
particular relevance to High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). The
computer code developed under the proposed project can be used by
engine companies in their design studies and, therefore, is of
commercial value.
jet noise, nonlinear, instability waves, control
Project Title:
THE USE OF COWL CAMBER AND TAPER TO REDUCE ROTOR/STATOR
Cambridge Acoustical Associates, Inc
200 Boston Avenue, Suite 2500
Medford, Massachusetts 02155
93-1 02.10 1421
THE USE OF COWL CAMBER AND TAPER TO REDUCE ROTOR/STATOR
INTERACTION NOISE
Abstract:
The primary aims of the proposed research are: (1) To develop a
sophisticated numerical model to explore the effects of cowl
shape on the diffraction of the noise from rotors and stators;
(2) to similarly predict the dissipative effects on net exterior
noise of the fore/aft taper and geometric layout of the cowl's
interior liner; (3) to exploit the theoretical variability of
both features simultaneously, i.e., as two rigorously coupled
diffractive and dissipative systems, in order to maximize the
overall acoustic shielding provided by a given cambered/tapered
design. The speed range will be high subsonic and the frequency
range will be greatly noncompact for the cowl as a "ring wing"
(both requirements following from NASA's own practical interests
in present and future commercial aviation). An important sideline
of the work will be to produce a realistic theoretical model of
the rotor/stator insonifying system. Rotor/stator interactions
will be for twisted blades of arbitrarily wide chords.
The proposed research will produce a computer code that will
assist the design of quieter ducted propulsion systems for the
next generation of commercial aircraft engines.
Camber Effects, Ducted propeller, Aeroacoustic scattering
Project Title:
Vortex Flap Improvements for Enhanced Low-Speed Aerodynamics of
ViGYAN, Inc.
30 Research Drive
Hampton, VA 23666-1325
93-1 02.11 1400
Vortex Flap Improvements for Enhanced Low-Speed Aerodynamics of
Supersonic-Cruise Aircraft
Abstract:
Leading edge vortex flap modifications are proposed for improved
low-speed lift and L/D characteristics of supersonic cruise
aircraft. The aim is to increase the vortex-lift potential in
addition to generating vortex thrust on highly-swept wing
configurations, thus enhancing the low-alpha lift, aerodynamic
efficiency and noise reduction of highly-swept aircraft
configurations during take off, climb-to-cruise and landing
approach, in comparison with the inboard-hinged leading edge
flaps of current practice. Low-speed wind tunnel tests will be
performed for a comparative evaluation of the different vortex
flaps on a common, generic slender-wing planform. Flow
visualization diagnostics will also be conducted to characterize
the unique vortical features of the modified flap configurations.
The results will quantify the performance increments realizable
from the proposed modifications, and also provide insights
enabling more refined vortex management techniques for
slender-wing lift enhancement and drag reduction. Successful
outcome of this work will directly benefit current NASA research
directed towards a quieter next generation supersonic civil
transport.
The technology objective and outcome of this research will be of
considerable interest to U.S. Aircraft industry engaged in the
design of nextgeneration civil and military supersonic vehicles,
by enabling reductions in field-length requirements and noise
levels associated with take off and landing of high-performance
aircraft.
Supersonic Aircraft; Low Speed Lift; Induced Drag; Vortex Flaps;
Leading Edge Devices; and Wind Tunnel Test
Project Title:
A Personal Computer Aided Design System for General Aviation
Design, Analysis and Research Corporation
120 East Ninth Street, Suite 2
Lawrence, KS 66044
93-1 02.12 0434
A Personal Computer Aided Design System for General Aviation
Aircraft Configurations
Abstract:
A personal computer based preliminary design system for General
Aviation aircraft will demonstrate a practical method to design
and analyze general aviation aircraft configurations. The program
will provide a powerful framework to support the non-unique
process of aircraft preliminary design. The system will allow
design engineers to rapidly evolve an aircraft configuration from
weight sizing through detailed performance calculations, while
working within regulatory constraints. The program will be
designed to reduce the preliminary design phase cost and to bring
advanced design methods to businesses which normally do not have
the computational and/or modern design/analysis capability.
Decrease design cost for small aircraft manufacturers. Enhance
educational process at universities for aircraft design. Improve
competitiveness for small aircraft manufacturers.
aircraft preliminary design, design system, aircraft
configuration
analysis
Project Title:
A User-Friendly Expert System for Airfoil Design and Boundary
Innovative Aerodynamic Technologies
417 Whispering Pine Drive
Grafton, VA 232692
93-1 02.12 7324
A User-Friendly Expert System for Airfoil Design and Boundary
Layer Stability Analysis
Abstract:
The quest for performance, fuel efficiency, range and speed in
the current global economic environment, has sparked a renewed
interest in designing and analyzing lamianar flow wings for
airplanes. Currently, the capability to design and analyze
laminar flow wings only exists at large commercial aircraft
companies and government research organizations. These stability
analysis methods currently require "expert" input choices, as
well as "expert" interpretation of the results. The innovation
proposed is to develop a user friendly graphical user interface
(GUI) based laminar flow analysis system. This system will
integrate a flow analysis solver, a boundary layer-mean flow code
and a stability analysis code into an icon based control program.
Expert input provided by the development team's experience will
be coded into the control program's database. The value of this
practical application program development is that applied
aerodynamicists will finally have a laminar flow airfoil design
and analysis tool. The commercialization of this application
software to applied engineers in GA, universities and other
industries will be invaluable, and act as a catalyst for
designing the next generation of advanced high performance
aircraft.
The user-friendly expert stability analysis system will find a
market place in numerous establishments conducting NLF or LFC
airfoil/wing design. Possible users are GA companies of both
certified and experimental aircraft, universities for
aerodynamics students and engineers at large commercial aircraft
companies. Individuals interested in wing design can use the PC
based version.
Laminar flow, boundary layer stability, NLF/LFC airfoils
Project Title:
A Robust Aerodynamic Analysis Method for Design of General
Desktop Aeronautics
P.O. Box A-L
Stanford, CA 94309
93-1 02.12 8588
A Robust Aerodynamic Analysis Method for Design of General
Aviation Aircraft Configurations
Abstract:
This proposal deals with an innovative approach to the
aerodynamic design of subsonic aircraft, permitting more rapid
evaluation of configurations at the early stages of the design
process, and enabling preliminary design refinement and
optimization. The proposed work involves the development of a
practical computational method for aerodynamic design, based on
the offerer's widely-used interactive design software. The new
method permits rapid computation of three-dimensional lifting
surface aerodynamics, avoiding anomalous results that often arise
from panel spacing sensitivity in conventional programs. The
approach is based on the interpolation schemes developed for
vortex-in-cell methods, but retains the computational efficiency
of linear methods. In Phase I of this SBIR effort, a pilot code
demonstrating the feasibility, efficiency, and robustness of the
new method will be developed. If successful, the methodology may
form the basis for a new commercial software product and/or may
be incorporated into codes currently used by NASA or industry.
The approach is especially relevant to general aviation design:
its robust, rapid turn-around character makes it well-suited for
use by individuals with limited computer resources, or for
configuration optimization of interfering systems such as
3-surface designs, canards, or winglets.
If the approach is successful it would lead to a commercial
software product to be developed by the offeror in Phase II. The
technology could be incorporated into numerous, existing
commercial and government codes. Such programs would aid general
aviation manufacturers in initial design and development of
either conventional or innovative configurations.
Aerodynamics Optimization Design
Project Title:
LOW COST ELECTROMAGNETIC DEICE FOR NATURAL LAMINAR FLOW AIRFOILS IN
CIRRUS DESIGN
S. 3440 A HWY 12
BARABOO, WI 53913
93-1 03.01 2266 Amount Requested $ 70,000
LOW COST ELECTROMAGNETIC DEICE FOR NATURAL LAMINAR FLOW AIRFOILS IN
GENERAL AVIATION APPLICATIONS
Abstract:
Cirrus Design proposes the development of a low cost,
electromagnetic-type deice system that is integrable with Natural
Laminar Flow (NLF) airfoils, on General Aviation (GA) aircraft. To
compete with alternate modes of travel like the interstate highway
system and airlines, GA aircraft must provide transportation that
is fast, economical, safe, and reliably usable in any weather. The
operation of light personal transportation aircraft of the near
future will be made economically viable by the application of NASA
developed technologies. The NLF airfoil series is an important
example of those technologies. With very low drag coefficients at
cruise speeds, it makes possible single engine aircraft that
provide truly rapid personal transit. Electromagnetic type deicing
is another example of a NASA developed technology that will soon be
important to the utility of small single engine aircraft.
Electromagnetic techniques provide deicing systems that are light
weight, relatively low cost, and require relatively low power for
actuation. Deicing systems currently available, are either too
expensive for small business and personal transportation aircraft,
or are not built to maintain natural laminar flow. The development
of an NLF compatible, electromagnetic deice system will be a
significant step in making GA travel safer and more dependable.
General aviation aircraft sales reached 18,000 new aircraft per
year in the late 1970's before dropping off to what it is today.
The need for personal aviation transportation is still there, but
the market (particularly business) now demands cost effective
travel that is reliable and safe to operate in all weather
conditions. Small single engine aircraft, NLF airfoils, and
reliable deicing is the only combination that can meet that demand.
ELECTROMAGNETIC DEICE, NATURAL LAMINAR FLOW, GENERAL AVIATION
Project Title:
ANTI-ICING OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE INLETS
Thermacore
780 Eden Road
Lancaster, PA 17601
93-103.01 6551 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,987
ANTI-ICING OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE INLETS
Abstract:
In turboshaft and turbofan gas turbine engines, anti-icing of the
cowl currently uses compressor discharge bleed air. Use of this air
decreases the net thrust or shaft horsepower, and increases the
fuel consumption. This proposal contains an innovative loop pipe
method to eliminate the use of bleed air for anti-icing of the
turbine engine inlet. Engine cycle analyses predict an increase in
shaft horsepower of up to 5% combined with a 5% fuel reduction for
an IHPTET Phase II turboshaft engine at 20% Maximum Continuous
Power (MCP). Loop pipes are similar to heat pipes, however, loop
pipes are self-priming during start-up, significantly increasing
reliability. In addition, loop pipes are more easily designed to
operate in the turbine engine environment, with its high
maneuvering accelerations.
Loop heat pipes have already been fabricated with power and
gravitational heads that are similar to the anti-icing
requirements. The Phase I program objective is to examine two
aspects of loop pipes that have not previously been addressed: (1)
The ability to turn the loop heat pipe off and on, and (2) the
ability to restart against high accelerations.
This innovative anti-icing method will be directly applicable to
commercial turboshaft and turbofan engines, increasing net power
and the power-to-weight ratio, while decreasing fuel consumption.
The benefits are highest at the low power point. The most dangerous
icing conditions typically occur while an aircraft is in low-
altitude holding pattern prior to landing. By eliminating the high
percentage bleed currently required for anti-icing aircraft safety
will be increased.
Anti-Icing, Gas Turbine Engines, Heat Pipes, Loop Heat Pipes
Project Title:
Aircraft VHF Lightning Detector of Weather Hazards
Airborne Research Associates
46 Kendal Common Road
Weston, MA 02193
93-1 03.02 1834 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
Aircraft VHF Lightning Detector of Weather Hazards
Abstract:
This proposal is for development of an aircraft VHF lightning
detection system capable of determining the location of intracloud
(IC) as well as cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning. While lightning is
hazardous in itself it also marks regions with hail, severe
turbulence, and heavy rain. In addition, IC lightning appears to be
useful for predicting microbursts and subsequent windshear which is
a major hazard to aviation. Accurate lightning location from
aircraft has not been possible in the past using existing VLF
systems. VHF instrumentation will be used for detecting IC
lightning with the required spatial resolution to relate its
position to regions with hazardous weather. A novel method for
determining the distance to lightning will utilize the difference
in time-of-arrival between the direct signal and the signal
reflected from the Earth's surface. The prototype system will be
tested from an aircraft in the Orlando-Kennedy Space Center region
of Florida where ground based instruments can map the IC lightning
as well as windshear. A graphic display will allow pilots to avoid
hazardous regions. Preliminary studies indicate the proposed system
should perform as anticipated.
An IC lightning detector for thunderstorm avoidance has a potential
market of about 100,000 aircraft. Most are single engine and have
no suitable location for a radar antenna. The possibility of
locating regions where windshear might occur also should be of
considerable interest to the airlines since there is no other
technology capable of predicting windshear minutes in advance.
weather, lightning, microburst, windshear, thunderstorm
Project Title:
Aircraft Wake Tracking, Analysis and Algorithm Development
Coherent Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box 7488
Boulder, CO 80306-7488
93-1 03.02 8736 Amount Requested $ 69,116
Aircraft Wake Tracking, Analysis and Algorithm Development
Abstract:
NASA has recently begun a program to improve terminal area
productivity (capacity) that will serve to simultaneously save
airline operating costs and improve aviation safety. Reduction of
aircraft spacing during instrument flight rules (IFR) conditions
requires a thorough understanding of environmental effects on wake
vortex transport and decay mechanisms. In the proposed program,
existing algorithms for processing coherent lidar data to locate
and track aircraft wake vortices and to display the wake structure
are to be expanded. A currently available database of wake
measurements made at Stapleton International Airport will be
analyzed with existing algorithms for wake tracks and wake
strengths. Tracks will be correlated with available environmental
data and analyzed for wake decay and transport mechanisms. A 2D
Kalman hydro-code analysis will be upgraded and applied to these
data and the results assessed for capability of the Kalman
procedure to identify wake structure. An analysis of the
requirements for implementation in 3D with a high PRF system will
be developed and incorporated into the existing real-time processor
using a limited 3D grid and evaluated for capability to handle an
upgrade to a high PRF. Memory and CPU requirements for a 3D
implementation of the Kalman analysis will be determined and a
design for an upgraded real-time processor will be developed.
The proposed development of algorithms and an advanced real-time
processor will support a wide range of applications. Applications
include: ground-based airport scanning systems for windshear and
vortex wake applications; various on-board sensing scenarios,
including detection of trailing vortices; airdata applications
involving wind vector data acquisition; and processing for
autopilot input and flight control during clear-air turbulence or
wake vortex encounters.
lidar, laser radar, coherent detection, wake vortex
Project Title:
Automated Nap-of-the-Earth Data Collection Radar Definition
Technology Service Corporation
2950 31st Street
Santa Monica, CA 90405
93-103.04 9755 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $
Automated Nap-of-the-Earth Data Collection Radar Definition
Abstract:
Nap-of-the-Earth (NOE) flight in a conventional helicopter is
extremely taxing for two pilots under visual flight rules (VFR)
conditions. There is a desire to develop an all-weather Automated
NOE (ANOE) system that will allow a single pilot to safely fly a
helicopter at altitudes near 50 feet. Recent work by NASA/ARC has
indicated that ranging to the ground and potential hazards using
passive camera sensors can significantly improve ANOE performance.
These sensors indicate that an effective all-weather, day/night,
ANOE system can be developed by augmenting passive sensors, INS/GPS
and hazard data with an active radar system. At present, the data
base required to specify such a sensor system does not exist.
This proposal is to define a low cost, data collection radar to
derive the necessary data base. During Phase II the radar would be
developed and tested. This radar will collect data not only for the
ANOE mission but will also collect data to determine its utility as
a situational awareness sensor during approach, landing and
taxiing. In addition, the radar will collect preliminary data to
help define a machine vision system for landing in very low
visibility.
The critical issues are height measurement accuracy and hazard
detection, e.g., towers and wires. We will use our experience in
developing unique algorithms for obtaining very precise height
accuracy. We will use elevation and azimuth monopulse diversity to
detect and measure hazardous obstacles.
If an ANOE system can be developed using an active radar, the
commercial applications are myriad. The system would be extremely
useful to law enforcement helicopters when searching for a fugitive
or tracking a vehicle. News organizations who use helicopters will
also use the system. Other potential users include crop dusters,
remote sensing aircraft and helicopters, especially those used for
below ground surveillance, rescue helicopters, forest fire chemical
and water dropping, air vehicles etc.
Nap-of-the-Earth, Terrain Avoidance, Radar, Terrain Following,
Hazard Detection, Data Fusion
Project Title:
Compact, Airborne, Particle Sizing Sensor
MetroLaser
18006 Skypark Circle #108
Irvine, CA 92714-6428
93-103.05 0688 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,962
Compact, Airborne, Particle Sizing Sensor
Abstract:
A unique, airborne particle sizing system is proposed to reliably
measure the size and number of particles found in the atmosphere
from their backscattering off-axis signal. The proposed technique
will solve a fundamental problem in optical particle sizing that
normally prevents the use of backscattering or near backscattering.
Multiple wavelengths from independent laser diode sources will be
mixed to produce a laser sheet to illuminate the particles. Light
scattered at angles between ninety degrees and backscattering by
particles crossing the laser sheet will not have the large Mie
scattering oscillations characteristic of monochromatic radiation,
but instead will be characterized by a near-monotonic distribution.
The feasibility of using two receivers positioned symmetrically to
the laser transmitter will be explored to assess the ability of
establishing particle asphericity. A backscattering receiver with
an interference filter centered at a wavelength of interest to
optical air data systems will provide the backscattering
distribution. Analyses using five discrete wavelengths near 800 nm
show that particles between 0.4 æm and 20 æm yield a typical
measurement error of 5% for known index of refraction. Phase I will
include analytical studies and experimental work with particles of
known size and composition.
The commercial application of this research is based on the
development of a backscattering instrument to characterize the size
distribution of airborne particles such as those found in the
atmosphere, dusty flows, and sprays. This instrument will overcome
the limitations of existing, commercially available forward
scattering systems.
Particle size, airborne, optical fibers, multiple wavelengths
Project Title:
A REAL-TIME REMOTE-SENSING AIR TEMPERATURE RADIOMETER FOR HIGH-
OPHIR Corporation
10184 West Belleview Avenue, Suite 200
Littleton, CO 80127
93-1 03.05 2200 Amount Requested $ 69,879
A REAL-TIME REMOTE-SENSING AIR TEMPERATURE RADIOMETER FOR HIGH-
SPEED AIRCRAFT
Abstract:
We propose to develop a novel radiometer for real-time
measurements of atmospheric air temperature from high-altitude, high-speed
aircraft. As stated in Topic Number 3.05, NASA requires airborne
atmospheric air temperature measurements to assist the evaluation
of current and developing aerospace vehicle performance.
Presently, accurate real-time measurements of atmospheric
temperature cannot be performed from high-altitude, high-speed
aircraft. And yet, air temperature is a fundamental atmospheric
parameter influencing the aircraft's performance. Atmospheric
temperature is used to determine aircraft airspeed and local air
density. Atmospheric temperature affects jet engine performance
and can be used during the estimation of optimal power settings
and fuel consumption.
The proposed technique is not adversely affected by dynamic air
heating, which renders conventional immersion sensors useless at
high aircraft speeds. Proposed innovations will enable a highly
accurate and reliable sensor to be developed as a small, light
weight, instrument suitable for airborne applications.
The proposed effort will determine the feasibility of this
technique for high-altitude, high-speed aircraft. A preliminary
hardware design will be completed to provide an accurate
assessment of the estimated sensor performance. If successful, these
efforts will enable a prototype sensor to be fabricated, calibrated, and
flight-tested in Phase II.
The primary benefit of this research will be the development of
an un-obtrusive, remotesensing thermometer for high-speed aircraft.
Since no accurate means of determining air temperature from such
aircraft presently exits, this technology hold considerable
commercial potential for both civilian and military aviation. This
technology also hold commercial potential as an airborne
thermometer for meteorological research applications.
remote sensing, radiometer, air temperature, high-speed
Project Title:
Thin Film Pressure Sensor with Optical Output
GRE Incorporated
P.O. Box 30863
Albuquerque, NM 87190-0863
93-1-03.05-8277 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,801
Thin Film Pressure Sensor with Optical Output
Abstract:
We propose a thin, flexible pressure sensing film with optical out-
put consisting of a polymer LED on a piezoelectric polymer
substrate. The innovation lies in combining these two types of
polymers to make a single sensor which will provide a minimal
intrusion method for measuring pressure distributions on structures
in free-flight and/or wind tunnel tests. Spatial resolution should
be better than 1 mm. Response times could be as short as 1 æs.
Power consumption could be as low as a few Wm-2. The project
objectives are to show that the device can be fabricated, to show
that it functions as anticipated, and to develop a conceptual
design for a sensor to be demonstrated in wind tunnel tests. The
effort proposed is about 6 man months including subcontractors (for
device fabrication) and a consultant (in design and applications).
We anticipate that the objectives will be met and that a
demonstration in a wind tunnel will be possible in Phase II. Phase
III would include manufacturing of sensors for use in NASA
aerodynamic testing. These sensors will improve understanding of
flow features and will lead to design of more capable and/or more
efficient subsonic aircraft.
The sensor film will be ideal for measurement of pressure distribu
tions on moving and complex-shaped parts in both aerodynamic and
hydrodynamic experiments. Possible related applications include
shock wave sensors, radiation detectors, and image converters.
piezoelectric polymers, light-emitting diodes, pressure
distribution, polymer LED, pressure sensors, fast-response
Project Title:
Nonintrusive Flow Visualization to Locate Vortices and Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition
M.L. ENERGIA, Inc.
P.O. Box 1468
Princeton, NJ 08542-1468
93-103.06 7970 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
Nonintrusive Flow Visualization to Locate Vortices and Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition
Abstract:
We propose to demonstrate a new optical measurement of velocity
gradient based on direct observation of the differential
displacement of a marked fluid element in ordinary, unseeded air.
The method utilizes a pulsed laser beam to "write" an arbitrary
pattern, such as a line or a cross, into air by means of stimulated
Raman vibrational excitation of oxygen. After suitable time delay,
during which the velocity gradient causes the pattern to distort,
the new pattern is determined via fluorescence induced by a second
laser beam. An image of the new pattern is captured with a video
camera. Distortion of a line will determine point of laminar-to-
turbulent transition, whereas rotation of a cross will yield
vorticity. By writing a grid, multiple spatial location can be
probed simultaneously. The use of a pair of cameras, imaging
orthogonal planes, results in a full, three-dimensional vector. The
accuracy of the method is limited only by the ability to determine
time and displacement, and can be performed at vector collection
rates of 30 Hz using commercially available equipment.
In this effort we propose a detailed study, including appropriate
laboratory proof-of-concept measurements, of the applicability of
the technique to advanced aircraft testing. The results of this
effort will be a prototype system designed for aircraft flight
testing applications.
The nonintrusive velocity gradient instrument would provide unique
new capability for a wide variety of fluid dynamics research and
development. Applications include fundamental studies of turbulence
and transition, CFD validation, and engine testing. Commercial
product development would create new enabling technology for
industrial, university, and government research and development.
Transition Determination; Aircraft Testing; Vorticity Measurement;
Flow Tagging; RELIEF; Nonintrusive Diagnostics
Project Title:
On-Line Monitoring of Engine Performance Parameters and Advanced
Scientific Monitoring, Inc.
1232 E. Broadway Road, Suite 210
Tempe, Arizona 85282
93-1 03.06 8362 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 65,574.00
On-Line Monitoring of Engine Performance Parameters and Advanced
Algorithms to Identify Compressor Instabilities
Abstract:
Propulsion subsystems of future flight vehicles will run to higher
thermal and aerodynamic loads for increased efficiencies. Increased
loading and operating requirements cause serious mismatch between
stages and components during off-design conditions with attendant
compromise on stability margin.
Another factor that affects component efficiencies is deviation in
predicted performance due to in-flight damages and component aging.
This deviation can propagate into more serious problems if not
detected in time. More importantly, the deviation may be
misinterpreted by control and decision unit as problems in other
components. Misinterpretation of failures is crippling to future
engines and aircrafts that incorporate performance seeking control
methodology to optimize system performance on the fly.
To ensure reliable and sustained improvement in subsystem
performance, accurate monitoring and diagnosis are essential;
therefore, the firm proposes to conduct a program of research and
development on on-line monitoring of engine performance and
advanced algorithms to identify compression system instabilities.
This program will utilize artificial intelligence techniques and
analytical redundancy features. The diagnostic algorithms will be
model-based with inherent abilities to learn, reason, and adapt to
failures.
1) Enable practical implementation of active stall/surge control.
2) Enhance the operability and safety of gas turbine engines. 3)
Result in fault tolerant and adaptive systems. 4) Reduce costs in
hardware, fuel, operations, and logistics. 5) Approach true on-
condition maintenance goal. 6) apply to other physical systems as
aerospace traditionally leads in technology development.
health monitoring, diagnostic system, stall/surge, fault tolerance,
redundancy management, intelligent algorithm, turbine engine
Project Title:
Solution-Adaptive Computer Software for Preliminary Structural
ResearchSouth, Inc.
555 Sparkman Dr. Suite 818
Huntsville, Alabama 35816
93-1-03.07 1769 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
Solution-Adaptive Computer Software for Preliminary Structural
Design of Hypersonic Vehicles
Abstract:
ResearchSouth, Inc. proposes to develop methodology and
preliminary
design computer software for the analysis of stiffened composite
panels used in designing hot structures on hypersonic vehicles.
Phase I of the development will investigate the following major
areas of the preliminary design of panel structures which are
subjected to severe thermomechanical loading during operation. We
will develop algorithms and strategies for determining critical
design condition loads from the output of finite element models
of
the structure. We will investigate at least three approaches: an
automated search program which will evaluate output files from
finite element models and define critical thermomechanical
loading
conditions and structural elements from time-consistent load
histories: a statistical model which uses the finite element data
from large samples and determines the most probable set of design
conditions: and a deterministic mathematical model in which a
functional is formed using the finite element data base with the
design condition combinations being produced by a calculus of
variations minimization solution. We will also develop a buckling
analysis program which uses conventional analytical methods to
define the buckling loads and margins of safety of critical
equivalent stiffened panels. We will investigate, demonstrate and
deliver adaptive meshing software to improve the resolution of
internal loads and the capture of peak moments in stiffened
panels
and substructure for evaluation of local crippling of the hot
structure. Prototype software will be available and delivered at
the end of the Phase I effort. Phase II will extend the concepts
and software to the operational mode, interfacing with most
commercially-available finite element structural packages.
Benefits
to NASA will include more cost-effective preliminary design
programs and more reliable designs.
The structural design software will be used by aerospace,
mechanical, and civil engineers on all disciplines which require
a
conceptual and preliminary design phase. Airplane companies,
automobile manufacturing facilities, watercraft designers,
building
and facility engineers, and bridge construction companies are
among
the potential users for this product.
Preliminary Design, Finite Element Methods, Solution-Adaptive
Methods
Project Title:
Oblique Detonation Wave Hy-Scram Engine for Hypersonic Propulsion Applications
Advanced Projects Research Incorporated
5301 N. Commerce Ave., Suite A
Moorpark, CA 93021
93-103.07 2585 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
Oblique Detonation Wave Hy-Scram Engine for Hypersonic Propulsion Applications
Abstract:
The Oblique Detonation Wave Hypervelocity Scramjet (ODW Hy-Scram)
Engine is applicable to hypersonic flight vehicles that require
high Mach Scramjet operation. This project will implement a unique
new analysis capability to analyze and assess a novel propulsion
device that could greatly enhance applications in the hypersonic
class of flight vehicles. The ODW Hy-Scram Engine is configured to
use gas dynamic wave interactions to provide inlet stream primary
compression (after vehicle forebody compression), bulk ignition,
and rapid combustion. The major advantages over previous Scramjet
engines are: 1) use of the vehicle forebody for fuel injection and
complete mixing (due to longer distances, lower temperatures and
lower pressures than is typical in the inlet fuel injection systems
of Scramjet Engines), 2) simpler and shorter inlet design due to
lower Mach range through which the flow must be decelerated
(typically incorporated into the vehicle forebody), and 3) shorter
and simpler combustor design. The primary benefit of this approach
is the reduction of the weight associated with the propulsion
system for a given combustion efficiency. The secondary benefit is
stabilized combustion due to the bulk ignition of the fuel and
oxidizer in the stable over driving of the oblique detonation wave.
The ODW Hy-Scram is applicable to future hypervelocity flight
vehicles which require velocities above Mach 8. Specifically, NASP,
Trans-Atmospheric Vehicles (TAV's) and hypersonic cruisers such as
reconnaissance aircraft. Most beneficial, however, would be a test
platform from which to conduct hypersonic flight tests.
Scramjet, Oblique, Detonation, Hypersonic, Propulsion
Project Title:
HEAT EXCHANGER/REACTOR FOR ENDOTHERMIC FUELS IN HYPERSONIC
Creare Incorporated
P.O. Box 71
Hanover, NH 03755
93-103.07 3800 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,950
HEAT EXCHANGER/REACTOR FOR ENDOTHERMIC FUELS IN HYPERSONIC
PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Abstract:
Aircraft which travel at high Mach numbers require a very large
internal heat sink to protect the engine and airframe from high
heat loads. Endothermic fuels are attractive for hypersonic
propulsion systems because they increase the fuel heat sink
capacity. We propose to develop a compact and lightweight heat
exchanger/reactor in which cooling is provided by the catalyzed
decomposition of the endothermic fuel. The innovation is a heat
exchanger configuration which enables efficient decomposition of
the fuel within a very small volume, resulting in an order of
magnitude reduction in the size and a factor of three reduction in
weight of the reactor. There are three key advantages to the
proposed heat exchanger: small size and weight, increased
reliability due to a simplified internal configuration, and low
pressure drops for air cooling applications. Preheating of the fuel
occurs within the same compact unit. The objectives of Phase I are
to prove the feasibility by demonstrating fabrication and sealing
techniques and to assess the benefits to hypersonic propulsion
systems. In Phase II we will build and demonstrate a prototypical
reactor/heat exchanger and perform tests to provide data for design
and optimization of hypersonic propulsion systems.
The proposed reactor/heat exchanger enables flight at high Mach
numbers by providing cooling for high thermal loads in a small,
flight-weight unit. These reactor/heat exchangers can ultimately be
sold to NASA, the Air Force, or commercial aircraft integrators.
The heat exchanger can also operate as a compact gas-to-gas
recuperator with low pressure drops for aerospace applications,
cryogenics, and power generation.
thermal management, hypersonic aircraft, endothermic fuels
Project Title:
Hypersonic Neurocontrol Actuator and Testbed
Accurate Automation Corporation
7001 Shallowford Road
Chattanooga, TN 37421
93-1 03.07 4646 Amount Requested $70,000
Hypersonic Neurocontrol Actuator and Testbed
Abstract:
The purpose of this proposal is to develop a new generation of
"SMART" neurocontrol actuator system for use on Hypersonic
aircraft. Develop a testbed to validate that the actuator system
will work. This will also optimize and scale the testbed vehicle
sizing. This concept using adaptive neural network technology will
improve performance and behavior for Hypersonic aircraft like the
National AeroSpace Plane.
Develop a new generation of actuator and control system for
aircraft.
Hypersonic, NASP, Neural Network, Neurocontrol, Actuator
Project Title:
AUTOMATED ENGINE CONTROL and FACULTATIVE FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM
LOWI ASSOCIATES WEST, INC.
2146 Toscanini Drive
Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90732
93-103.08 8457 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
AUTOMATED ENGINE CONTROL and FACULTATIVE FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM
Abstract:
An analytical investigation is proposed that aims to establish
technical support for an automated engine control and facultative
fuel injection system suitable for a candidate prop-drive power
plant capable of providing propulsion for a very high altitude
unmanned aircraft. The proposed system would provide full-authority
digital control of the principal engine operating variables such as
shaft speed, torque, injection timing and the like as well as
starting sequences and parameter optimizations connected with
operation on alternative fuels and available air. By these means,
a facultative engine can be implemented whereby a highly variable
amount of air can be efficiently utilized to conserve expendables
to the benefit of payload, range, and endurance. The proposed
system would be electrohydraulically operated and regeneratively
cooled with circulated fuel thereby eliminating external cooling
provisions and cumbersome mechanical drives and controls while
providing convenient packaging and automation interfaces for remote
command and control.
The proposed investigation will examine the transient hydraulic
effects, injection pulse profiles, turn-down range and design
details of the components required to implement a common rail,
solenoid-controlled electrohydraulic unit injection system subject
to microprocessor control. Control algorithms, sensors and external
signal interfaces will also be defined.
An improved, full-authority electronic fuel injection system for
diesel engines has numerous applications in emission-controlled
vehicles and in automated industrial and aircraft engine power
situations. Other possible uses include multi-fuel and flexible-
fuel engine applications where free oxygen is either not available
for combustion or is deficient for the power output required.
Digital controlled, Electrohydraullically operated, Closed-loop
Fuel Injection
Project Title:
Thrustmeters For Engine Management And Control Systems
TMI
P.O. Box 11289
Fort Wayne, IN 46857-1289
93-103.09 0586 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED$ 70,000.00
Thrustmeters For Engine Management And Control Systems
Abstract:
A simplified display which shows real-time thrust reduces pilot
workload and increases safety in jet aircraft. Engine thrust, one
of the more important engine parameters, is not currently measured,
but is estimated from various sensor readings, such as EPR (Engine
Pressure Ratio), spool speed, fuel flow, and turbine inlet
temperatures. This project will demonstrate the advantages of using
a system that computes net thrust by measuring gas flow in the
engine exhaust and exhaust sections to calculate net thrust. The
thrust will be presented on a unique color pictorial display, the
Engine Control and Management System (E-MACS) developed by NASA.
Real-time thrust gives the pilot an instant snapshot of engine
health, improving reaction time during critical flight regimes such
as take-off and landing. These measurements provide valuable
information for adjusting each engine to optimize performance and
efficiency.
The E-MACS system has been well received by pilots and will be
enhanced by the addition of real-time thrust measurements.
Potential customers include all forms of commercial aviation and
military aircraft.
Thrust Measurement, Cockpit Displays, Engine Management, Ergonomics
Project Title:
NOVEL ANGULAR POSITION SENSOR
Aztec Systems
45 Aldrich Road
Watertown MA 02172
93-103.09 9890 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $70,000
NOVEL ANGULAR POSITION SENSOR
Abstract:
We propose to develop an innovative, light and non-cumbersome
angular position sensor for hands, arms or a helmet for use in
virtual reality systems and enhanced space-crew interfaces.
This research will develop reliable, unobtrusive and inexpensive
angular position sensors for virtual reality and robotic machinery
control. Such sensors can also be utilized in novel computer user
interfaces.
Angular Sensor Encoder
Project Title:
Polynomial Networks for Testing Flight Critical Systems
AbTech Corporation
508 Dale Avenue
Charlottesville, VA 22903
93-1 03.10 0686 Amount Requested $69,766.64
Polynomial Networks for Testing Flight Critical Systems
Abstract:
The objective of this effort is to demonstrate a prototype model of
a flight-critical system using AbTech's AIM network synthesis tool
and NASA's CLIPS production rule system and to demonstrate the
ability of an AIM generated polynomial network to reliably perform
sensitivity analysis using variable components of this flight
critical system. The resulting adaptive test generation, analysis,
and control modeling system will demonstrate the feasibility of
developing a revolutionary test definition and analysis product
capable of adapting in a dynamic environment, monitoring and
diagnosing complex system behavior, and predicting future faults
and maintenance requirements. The innovation is the application of
learning software to modeling, sensitivity analysis, and test-
synthesis and diagnosis. The AIM test system is designed to
enhance a systems engineer's ability to understand system
interactions, make decisions on a systems ability to complete a
desired function, determine the effect that a component has on the
overall system, and perform system validation. In Phase I we will
demonstrate the ability of AIM to model a flight critical system,
perform sensitivity analysis, and to test for validating
functionality and operability.
This system could be adapted to be used on many large systems to
assist with test plan development and analysis of results.
Automated modelling of processes from functional descriptions
provides an efficient means of producing system simulators for
various applications.
Test Generation, Analysis, Sensitivity Analysis, Polynomial
Networks, AIM
Project Title:
Integrated Systems Validation Environment Platform for Flight-Critical Systems.
Systems Control Technology, Inc.
2300 Geng Road
Palo Alto, California 94303
93-103.10 2233 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ $69,989
Integrated Systems Validation Environment Platform for Flight-Critical Systems.
Abstract:
The innovation proposed by this SBIR will research and implement an
integrated systems environment that addresses the technology needs
of verification and validation and systems health monitoring of
flight critical systems (FCS). This research will define and
implement a common environment platform that provides seamless
integration of current and future FCS analysis and test tools. The
primary thrust of this research will be in the validation phase,
supporting test preparation, real-time simulation, and real-time
health and system status monitoring in flight test. This integrated
systems validation environment platform will shorten the time to
verify flight critical systems and will provide added safety during
flight test. This effort will develop an environment that will
integrate a number of current analysis tools and provide new
capabilities for monitoring, analyzing, and evaluating real-time
FCS data from on-board systems and real-time simulations of such
systems. The Phase I effort will provide a requirement's definition
prototype demonstration and a verified design for an innovative FCS
validation and test monitoring work station environment. The Phase
II effort will implement the environment and selected tools to
provide an environment platform that will yield a quantum
improvement in the effectiveness and efficiency.
The proposed project will result in a technology for integration of
diverse engineering analysis tools. Such a technology would have a
multitude of applications in industry and in research. The Phase II
effort will provide an analysis and test environment that is of
immediate use to other potential customers including, Air Force:
ASC SPOs, WL, ESD, and Weapons Development; Army; Navy; aircraft
primes; electronic system developers; and College/University
systems.
Verification & Validation; Safety of Flight; Open-System
Architecture; Flight-Critical Systems; Systems Health Monitoring;
Automated Testing
Project Title:
A Finite Element CFD Analysis for Turbulent and Chemically Reactive Flows Around Aerospace Vehicles
Engineering Computations
18814 Rochelle Avenue
CERRITOS, CA 90701
93-103.11 1669 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000.00
A Finite Element CFD Analysis for Turbulent and Chemically Reactive Flows Around Aerospace Vehicles
Abstract:
This proposal is concerned with the development of a finite rate
turbulent combustion algorithm and associated software to simulate
the chemistry that occurs in realistic turbulent mixing/reacting
flows. A two-tiered approach will be adopted for turbulence
modeling, namely a Reynold averaged Navier-Stokes solutions with
turbulence modeling, and more importantly a direct numerical
simulation that does not require turbulence modeling.
A finite element approach will be adopted for modeling and
simulation of turbulence and combustion in fluid flow. Phase I
effort will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed techniques
for 2-D flow problems. A pilot code incorporating this capability
will be generated and integrated with NASA STARS multidisciplinary
program. The proposed innovation will provide a more efficient and
accurate integrated design of aerodynamics, structures, and control
systems for modeling and simulation of advanced aerospace vehicles
such as the hypersonic NASP. The pilot code will also be installed
on a parallel processing system such as the IBM RS/6000 Model 590
(8 cpu's) machine to demonstrate that, by adopting an optimum
combination of efficient software and dedicated low cost
commercially available computers, complex practical problems can be
solved within.
The 2-D approach to be developed in Phase I plan will be extended
to the more general 3-D case under Phase II. Associated code will
be fully integrated with NASA STARS multidisciplinary finite
element program. The integrated capability will be extremely useful
for accurate modeling and simulation of advanced aerospace
vehicles.
Turbulence; Combustion; Finite element method; Multidisciplinary
simulation, Aerospace vehicle simulation
Project Title:
New High AOA Departure Criteria for High Agility Fighters
Eidetics International, Inc.
3415 Lomita Blvd.
Torrance, CA 90505
93-1 03.11 8228 Amount Requested $69,992
New High AOA Departure Criteria for High Agility Fighters
Abstract:
Fighter agility is comprised of both maneuverability and
controllability. Inadequate controllability can limit the agility
potential through a combination of reduced control power and/or a
lack of bare airframe departure resistance. Typical departure
criteria include only static aerodynamic terms and are not adequate
predictors for modern fighter aircraft performing high-agility
maneuvers such as loaded roll motions. The development of a
reliable departure resistance design criteria for highly agile,
highly augmented fighter aircraft and the exploration of validation
methods using 6-DOF computations and comparisons to existing flight
data from the F/A-18 HARV is the subject of this study
The innovation in Phase I is the inclusion of appropriate dynamic
aerodynamic terms and the effects of flight control system inputs
to evaluate the departure characteristics of a highly augmented
high agility aircraft. Phase I will develop the enhanced criteria
and demonstrate methodologies for validation. Phase II will
accomplish the validation with flight test data from NASA
Ames/Dryden for the F/A-18 HARV, x-31 and X-29A aircraft. The
expected payoff will be a validated tool to evaluate agility and
departure tradeoffs in preliminary design that will result in
significant cost and time savings in the development of new
configurations and will provide an additional means of evaluating
the performance characteristics of augmented aircraft prior to
flight.
Benefits from a validated advanced agility/departure criteria
including dynamic terms and flight control system inputs are
availability of a proven systematic evaluation of agility and
departure resistance of new configurations early in their
development so critical decisions can be made concerning
configuration definition and related flight control system
requirements. Benefits of early definition are reflected in
substantial savings in time and development costs. Validated
criteria also allows government procuring agencies to better
evaluate the agility potential of new aircraft designs prior to
flight tests by using aerodynamic data from ground tests or
computational means more effectively.
Fighter, Agility, Controllability, Departure Criteria, High Angle
of Attack
Project Title:
Evaluation of Indicial-Function Approach Using an Euler Finite-Element CFD Code
McIntosh Structural Dynamics, Inc.
883 N. Shoreline Blvd., Suite B200
Mountain View, CA 94043
93-103.11 9277 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 52,443.
Evaluation of Indicial-Function Approach Using an Euler Finite-Element CFD Code
Abstract:
New methods are proposed for achieving fast execution of
aeroservoelastic aerospace vehicle flight-characteristics
simulations. Specifically, the exploitation of approximate
solutions that appear in the indicial-function representation of
generalized aerodynamic forces is proposed. The essence of the
innovation is transformation of the convolution integrals into a
set of linear first-order differential equations that augment the
system state vector; these added states are to be solved
concurrently with the other system states that describe the rigid
and elastic motions of the vehicle. The principal Phase I
objectives are to demonstrate this indicial-function procedure with
a finite-element Euler code and to document the reduced overall
effort required for simulation studies in comparison with direct
coupling of the Euler code with the solution of the vehicle motion
equations.
Potential commercial applications include incorporating the new
approach into existing NASA software and porting the code to
parallel-processing environments
Indicial functions, aeroservoelasticity, simulation
Project Title:
Noise Cancelling Fiber Optic Microphone
Micro-Optics Technologies, Inc.
8608 University Green #5
P.O. Box 620377
Middleton, WI 53562
93-103.12 0655 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED$ 67,958
Noise Cancelling Fiber Optic Microphone
Abstract:
Intelligible Voice communication in aviation systems is critical
for efficient and safe performance. This work will develop a noise
cancelling fiber optic microphone that can be used in electrically
and acoustic noisy environments. Two pressure fiber optic
microphones (FOM), a lens FOM and a shutter FOM, will have their
acoustic cavities designed so that they are noise cancelling. The
difference in phase and arrival time between sounds generated close
to the microphone and those generated farther away will be
exploited to achieve the noise cancelling performance.
Both microphones are extrinsic, intensity modulated fiber optic
pressure microphones using multimode fibers. By designing the
acoustic cavity of the transducer so that the deflection of the
diaphragm is dominated by sounds produced near the front of the
microphone the microphone becomes noise cancelling.
A noise cancelling fiber optic microphone would be of interest to
industries that depend on voice communication in noisy, hazardous
environments. This includes the commercial airplane industry,
chemical and petroleum refineries and the electrical power
generation industry.
fiber optic microphone, noise cancelling, microphone, fiber optic
Project Title:
General Aviation Engine Management and Predictive Analysis System
Vision Microsystems Incorporated
5501 East Rd.
Bellingham, WA 98226
93-103.12 1833 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000.00
General Aviation Engine Management and Predictive Analysis System
Abstract:
Vision Microsystems Inc. proposes an innovative general aviation
cockpit Engine Management and Predictive Analysis System (EMPAS)
capable of providing detailed information on current engine status
and prediction of future engine status including potential engine
failure. Our existing fuel level management system will be
integrated to the EMPAS system and provide absolute fuel range in
both distance and time. This will be accomplished via a hardware
interface to navigational systems such as GPS, LORAN, RNAV and DME.
The EMPAS system will utilize a form of predictive artificial
intelligence to advise the pilot and suggest possible corrective
action. Strategically located sensors in conjunction with
sophisticated software will allow the prediction of impending
engine failure.
This system will innovatively integrate newly developed and
commercially available; software and hardware, sensors and display
technologies currently produced or under development by Vision
Microsystems Inc. The use of these commercially available parts
promotes the successful commercialization of this product.
The commercial potential of EMPAS is in providing the General
Aviation industry with a cost effective engine monitoring system
heretofore only available, in part, to the airline industry. This
technology will be usable by all levels of General Aviation, from
the kit plane industry up to the business class twin engine
aircraft.
Instruments, Engine Monitoring, Predictive Analysis, GPS, General
Aviation
Project Title:
An Affordable General Aviation Electronic Pilot Weather Reporting
ARNAV Systems Inc.
22007 Meridian East
Graham, WA 98338
93-1 03.12 3550 Amount Requested $69,875
An Affordable General Aviation Electronic Pilot Weather Reporting
System
Abstract:
ARNAV Systems Inc. (ARNAV) proposes the development of a general
aviation (GA) Electronic Pilot Reporting (EPiREP) system that
provides real time transmittal of key atmospheric data:
temperature, dewpoint, relative humidity, along with altitude, GPS-
derived position, and type of the reporting airplane. EPiREP
innovatively integrates new, low-cost digital data link packet
modem transmission technology, with new low-cost solid state
sensors and the global coverage of GPS. The integration of these
technologies with ARNAV's low-cost multi-functional display
implemented with a color Flat Panel display would lead to a
software integrated modular EPiREP affordable for most GA aircraft.
The EPiREP system proposed would compliment real time GA cockpit
weather systems that are currently under development for displaying
National Weather System (NWS) data. EPiREP will provide direct
communications between aircraft and an automated ground weather
systems for compilation and rebroadcast via satellite link into the
NWS. Data compression and frequency conflict resolution software
techniques will be used to ensure efficient frequency usage and
avoid frequency saturation, and allow more than 150 aircraft to use
EPiREP in a 75 mile radius airspace area.
The project seeks to demonstrate EPiREP feasibility by assembling
a prototype system that shall be subjected to verification testing
in a ground simulation and in a flight measurements test program.
The EPiREP innovation has near term commercial potential at a
projected cost affordable by most GA airplanes. The long term
commercial potential lies in the global aviation market since real
time weather information can be transmitted directly between
airplanes.
GPS, DataLink, Collision Avoidance, Terrain, General Aviation
Project Title:
General Aviation Data Management
Seagull Technology, Inc.
1310 Hollenbeck Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94087
93-103.12 9620 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
General Aviation Data Management
Abstract:
NASA has recently launched an initiative to rejuvenate the general
aviation (GA) industry in the United States by stimulating and
coordinating R&D in key technical areas. The central goal of this
effort is to create a new generation of GA aircraft which are very
easy to fly and as affordable as a luxury automobile. The new NASA
general aviation initiative seeks revolutionary improvements in GA
aircraft, especially in avionics and other cockpit systems. This
proposal for an integrated datalink and data management system
provides radical improvements in GA Aircraft data communications
and data management, in order to enable a central theme of the GA
initiative: improved situational awareness. Situational awareness
concepts are enabled by providing access to critical information
from the ground, on-board databases and other aircraft. There are
three especially important innovations provided by this effort: 1)
It designs a GPS-based traffic surveillance sensor, 2) It
establishes the first data communications and management standard
for GA aircraft, and 3) It develops a process for pre-certifying
avionics software components. These innovations enable lower costs,
which ensure affordability for GA aircraft. The work is directly
related to this subtopic's stated needs for situational awareness,
datalink systems and reduced certification costs.
The concepts proposed herein have significant potential for
commercial application. The software modules developed for datalink
and datalink management could be implemented on a significant
portion of the 200,000 general aviation aircraft in the U.S. alone.
The immediate market for the software is through direct licensing
to general aviation avionics manufacturers.
General aviation datalink, management, microprocessors, display,
situational, awareness
Project Title:
Advanced General Aviation Cockpit Avionics Integration
Lightning Technologies, Inc.
10 Downing Parkway
Pittsfield, MA 01201
93-103.13 2135 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,375.00
Advanced General Aviation Cockpit Avionics Integration
Abstract:
Lightning Technologies, Inc. (LTI) with Stoddard-Hamilton Aircraft,
Inc. (SHA) proposes to provide an innovative test bed airplane for
testing and integrating emerging advanced GA cockpit technologies
to enable safe operation in adverse electromagnetic environments
associated with lightning strikes, static electricity and high
intensity radiated fields (HIRF). The overall goal is to accomplish
this integration at a cost affordable by the manufacturers of small
airplanes and which is substantially less than that presently being
expended by the larger general aviation manufacturers to achieve
FAA certification of advanced technology cockpit avionics,
including multi-function displays (EFIS, EICAS) and autopilots.
Phase I includes flight tests near a known HIRF emitter for
feasibility evaluations. Phase II includes integration and
verification of advanced avionics in the test bed airplane. The
advanced cockpit will be installed in the lightning-protected
Glasair III (Glasair III-LP) designed and built by SHA under NASA
SBIR 03.02.8533.
Enables safe application of new technology avionics in small
airplanes and certification to FAA Part 23 regulations, industry-
wide. LTI can provide economical avionics integration services
including design assistance, training, inspection and test. SHA can
integrate advanced cockpit technology into its line of composite
airplanes and secure Part 23 certification and sales to the GA
market. Other manufacturers can take advantage of the System
Integration Handbook to surmount present cost obstacles to use of
IFR/IMC avionics.
General Aviation, Integration, Cockpits, Avionics, Lightning, HIRF
Project Title:
Inflatable/Rigidizable Space Structures
L'Garde, Inc.
15181 Woodlawn Avenue
Tustin, CA 92680
93-1 04.01 0771 Amount Requested $ 70,000
Inflatable/Rigidizable Space Structures
Abstract:
Space structures which can be deployed in space by inflation have
been successfully developed and utilized. This type of structure
has significant advantages over alternate types of space
structures. These include a low stowage volume requirement during
launch, a low weight, a simple deployment approach (no mechanisms)
which results in a high reliability and low cost, and the ability
to form large structures in space without requiring astronaut
participation. L'Garde has recently made significant advances in
developing the capability to also rigidize inflatable structural
components after they have been deployed. This enhances the
capability to form structures with a long life since, after
rigidization, the inflatant is no longer needed. Also the
rigidized material is very strong. The capability of fabricating
inflatable/rigidizable basic tubular structural members has been
developed. However, the capabilities to fabricate the joints in a
structure where several tubes are joined, as well as other design
aspects of a complete structure, have not been developed. This
proposed program is designed to meet this need. The completion of
this development will provide a unique capability which will be of
benefit in numerous applications.
An inflatable/rigidizable structure could be used in many types of
commercial applications, but is especially applicable wherever
access to the construction site is limited or a complete structure
needs to be formed very quickly. Examples include easily
transportable and quickly formed enclosures, power and
communication towers or enclosures in remote areas, and structural
components on commercial spacecraft.
Structure, Rigidizable, Space, Inflatable, Truss
Project Title:
ODPA: A Key Monomer Prepared by Unique Processes for the
IMITEC, INC.
1990 Maxon Road - P. O. Box 1412
Schenectady, New York 12301
93-1-04 02 9101
ODPA: A Key Monomer Prepared by Unique Processes for the
Synthesis of LaRC-IA and LaRC-IAX Polyimides
Abstract:
Imitec proposes to make polymer grade ODPA and electronic grade
ODPA via several unique processes that do not use chlorinated
solvents. Imitec also proposes to synthesize LaRC-IA and LaRC-
IAX derived from In-House ODPA. Polyimides such as LaRC-IA and
LaRC-IAX, invented at NASA Langley, prepared from oxydiphthalic
anhydride (ODPA) have shown excellent thermal and mechanical
properties along with excellent melt-processability. These
polymers are currently being tested in various aerospace and
composites facilities (i.e. NASA, Northrop, Barcel Wire and
Cable, Du Pont, Martin Marietta). In addition, LaRC-IA is a very
light colored polyimide that can be easily pigmented and has
radiation-resistance. Unfortunately, ODPA is no longer available
commercially. Our market survey shows that there exists a high
demand for ODPA based polyimides for many applications including
NASA's composites program, the Super Collider project, fibers and
some potential dental applications. Imitec expects to prepare
high quality ODPA to keep current testing programs of ODPA based
polymers active.
A commercial source of ODPA is needed in the commercialization of
NASA polymers, LaRC-IA and LaRC-IAX. LaRC-IA and LaRC-IAX are
being tested as composite resin, adhesives, fibers and film.
non-chlorinated solvent electronic-grade ODPA LaRC-IA LaRC-IAX
Project Title:
In order to bring safe, reliable, and affordable General Aviation
CIRRUS DESIGN
S. 3440 A HWY 12
BARABOO, WI 53913
93-1 04.03 2266 A Amount Requested $70,000
In order to bring safe, reliable, and affordable General Aviation
(GA) products to the consumer, Cirrus Design proposed the
innovation of using Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) as a low cost
composite manufacturing method to build FAA certifiable primary
structures for aircraft. RTM is a composite manufacturing process
that involves placing dry fiber reinforcement, injecting resin into
the closed mold, and then curing the resin by a heat source. It
produces parts that are light weight, very consistent, capable of
producing complicated three dimensional shapes, and are often
integrated to replace many pieces in an assembly. Although the
costs of the tooling and equipment required to make this system
effective can be very high, RTM systems using composite mold,
alternative material arbors, sub $5/lb. resins, and vacuum assisted
pressure pot injection systems cost a fraction of systems using
milled-metal molds and arbors, $30 to $80 resins, and computer
controlled injection systems, while maintaining comparable part
quality. The availability of this innovative technology will
enable small companies to bring new inexpensive aircraft to market
so more people can operate GA airplanes not just as enthusiasts,
but in a true mode of travel.
Abstract:
General aviation aircraft sales reached 18,000 new aircraft per
year in the late 1970's before dropping off to what it is today.
The need for personal aviation transportation is still prevalent,
and small single engine aircraft that are produced using low cost
manufacturing techniques can provide the performance and safety
needed to make general aviation one of the best ways to travel, yet
meet the financial needs of the consumer.
Injection, B-State, Void, Vinyl Ester, Arbor, RTM
Project Title:
Braiding and Resin Transfer Molding for Low Cost, Damage
Fiber Innovations
588 Pleasant St.
Norwood, MA 02062
93-1-04 03 2400
Braiding and Resin Transfer Molding for Low Cost, Damage
Resistant Aircraft Primary Structures
Abstract:
This project will produce innovative improvements over current
practices in the fabrication of composite primary structures
using braiding, resin transfer molding, and low cost materials.
This effort addresses needs for cost effective manufacturing,
improved damage resistance, and reduced noise transmission. The
overall objective of Phase I is to select a material set for
eventual fabrication into stiffener components. The specific
objectives are to determine the effects of braid interlacing,
fiber combinations, and resins types on the in-plane mechanical,
acoustic, and impact properties of the final composite. In a two
task effort, thin guage flat panels made from hybrid braids of
carbon, glass and Kevlar fibers and three types of epoxy resin
will be tested and the data compared. In a final task, a
demonstration component will be fabricated and tested. We expect
to find that hybrid braids and low cost resins can provide cost
effective improvements to composite acoustic and impact
properties. We expect that Phase I results will lead directly to
Phase II hardware fabrication and testing. Teamed with Beech
Aircraft, we expect to eventually test full scale wings and
fuselage sections, receive FAA certification and commercialize a
new generation aircraft per NASA's long term goals.
Braided/RTM composites will potentially replace traditional
aluminum and hand laid-up composite structures in primary
aircraft structures due to their increased performance
properties, low material costs, potential ~or automation, and
manufacturability.
Composites, Braiding, Resin Transfer Molding, Stiffeners, Damage
Resistance
Project Title:
DESIGN AND TEST OF AN IMPROVED CRASHWORTHINESS SMALL COMPOSITE
TERRY ENGINEERING
147 WILLIAMSBURG
ANDOVER, KS 67002-9770
93-1-04 03 5929
DESIGN AND TEST OF AN IMPROVED CRASHWORTHINESS SMALL COMPOSITE
AIRFRAME
Abstract:
Terry Engineering proposes the design of a composite four seat
general aviation airplane incorporating innovative occupant
protection features. The airplane will utilize cost and weight
effective composite structures designed for progressive failure
to absorb energy. In addition the forward portions of the
airplane will be designed to reduce the tendency of digging into
soft soil by a combination of shape and strength of the lower
cowl. Careful shaping of rate sensitive foam seat cushions will
protect various size and weight occupants from impact
decelerations. Completion of Phase I will provide the data
necessary for completion of the structural design and completion
of Phase II will verify the complete design process through
subscale tests. Tooling will be built and a number of airframes
provided to NASA for full scale tests (once tooling is built the
cost of test airframes will be relatively low). Tests completed
under this program will extend NASA data into complete airframes
and the low cost airframes will allow NASA the opportunity to
extend their full scale crash data base into small composite
airplanes and to further explore impacts into soil.
Funding is expected to be available to complete a prototype
airplane in Phase III and pursue further development either as a
production airplane or as a kit built airplane. The design
methodology will be made available to other designers.
CRASHWORTHY, COMPOSITE, GENERAL AVIATION, SEAT, SOIL IMPACT
Project Title:
HIGH-HEAT-FLUX CARBON COMPOSITE
Energy Science Laboratories, Inc.
6888 Nancy Ridge Drive
San Diego, CA 92121-2232
93-1 04.04 2034 Amount Requested $70,000
HIGH-HEAT-FLUX CARBON COMPOSITE
Abstract:
Actively cooled carbon-carbon is a candidate structural material
for the hot structures in hypersonic vehicles because of its light
weight and strength at high temperature. The current choice for
the coolant tubing is a refractory metal, but such tubing is heavy
and thermal expansion mismatch makes it difficult to bond to
carbon-carbon panels. This project will investigate the use of
novel small-gauge carbon tube arrays integrated with a high-
conductivity carbon-carbon composite material. The objective is an
actively cooled panel that has low weight, low expansion stress and
low thermal resistance for high-heat-flux application. The
benefits are reduced heat exchanger weight and improved heat
exchanger performance that reduces the coolant flow rate needed to
meet temperature requirements.
Phase 1 will fabricate small integrated test articles to begin
assessment of their thermal, mechanical and pressure containment
characteristics. The adherence of an antioxidation coating at high
temperature will be investigated. Preliminary analysis will be
used to trade off design options and quantify performance benefits.
A draft design of a hypersonic panel will be presented.
Actively cooled hot structures in high speed aircraft, nuclear
energy systems, liquid-propellant rocket nozzles, and solar
receivers.
carbon-carbon, active cooling, carbon tubing, heat exchanger,
thermal conductivity, antioxidation coatings
Project Title:
Low Cost Thermoplastic Composite Processing for Open Section
Automated Dynamics Corporation
407 Front Street
Schenectady. NY 12305
93-1 04.04 6471 Amount Requested $ 70,000
Low Cost Thermoplastic Composite Processing for Open Section
Structural Components
Abstract:
Automated Dynamics Corporation (ADC) proposes to extend the use of
the thermoplastic composite in-situ consolidation process beyond
fabrication of cylinders to open-section structural components.
The thermoplastic in-situ consolidation process is an emerging out-
of-autoclave processing technology that has been demonstrated by
ADC and others to provide low cost, high performance cylindrical
structures. Given the non-isothermal characteristics of the in-
situ consolidation process, asymmetrical thermal stresses through-
the-thickness of the composite laminate are developed during
fabrication which manifests themselves in the form of warping in
the case of an open-section geometry. The objective of the
proposed Phase I effort is to 1) develop an understanding of the
factors contributing to the warping phenomenon, 2) identify
approaches by which warping can be eliminated or controlled to
acceptable levels, and 3) demonstrate viability of proposed
approaches in limited fabrication trials. If successful, the
proposed effort will provide a low cost, out-of-autoclave process
for the fabrication of large, thermoplastic composite wingskins and
fuselage components.
Aircraft Fuselage and Wing Structural Components
Low cost processing, Thermoplastic composites, out-of-autoclave
Project Title:
Noncontaminating Optical Bench Structures For Small Satellites
Applied Material Technologies, Inc.
3611 S. Harbor Blvd., Suite 225
Santa Ana, CA 92704
93-1-04 04 8825
Noncontaminating Optical Bench Structures For Small Satellites
Abstract:
The innovation being proposed in this project is the development
of an ultra lightweight, noncontaminating dimensionally stable
optical bench structural material product for small-sat
applications. Candidate materials for the proposed structural
material product, a sandwich structure, include: foamed SiC core
with C-C facesheets, foamed SiC/A1 core with SiC facesheets,
foamed SiC isogrid with SiC or C-C facesheets, and C-C honeycomb with
C-C or SiC facesheets.
Many missions that are being contemplated by NASA, DoD and
commercial entities involve the use of small-sats; the optical
payloads and supporting equipment for these vehicles will require
noncontaminating ultra lightweight, dimensionally stable
structural material concepts such as those described above.
The Phase I project objective is to prove the feasibility of one
or more of these structural material concepts, for use in
small-sat optical benches.
The approach consists of establishing small-sat design
requirements, selecting materials, bench design, fabrication of
structural elements, and test and evaluation.
It is expected that at least one sandwich structure will emerge
from this effort that meets the performance and cost requirements
for small-sat applications.
The benefits to small-sat customers would be the availability of
a noncontaminating, dimensionally stable, lightweight sandwich
structure for optical bench design.
- small satellite optical benches
- aircraft engine components
- electronic printed wiring board constraining cores
- high temperature components for racing (boats, cars)
optical bench, noncontaminating, precision, composites,
small-sats,
ultra-lightweight
Project Title:
A New Innovative Approach to Fabricating High Performance
Triton Systems Inc.
186 Cedar Hill Street
Marlboro, MA 01752
93-1 04.05 9493 Amount Requested $69,552.00
A New Innovative Approach to Fabricating High Performance
Ceramic/Polymer Piezoelectric "SMART" Composites
Abstract:
Triton System proposes a new and innovative approach for
fabricating high performance ceramic/polymer piezoelectric flexible
"SMART" composite devices. The objective of the proposed effort is
to develop "SMART" piezoelectric devices that are better performing
and are more sensitive over a wider range of operation than
composites processed using competing techniques. Our proposed
approach is based on a novel fabrication technique that allows the
formation of flexible ceramic/polymer composites with a high
ceramic loading (up to 70%) that are more flexible and are amenable
to complex shape fabrication such as piezoelectric fabrics, cables
or mats. Moreover, unlike today's available piezoelectric
composites, where the polymer is used to merely bind the ceramic
particles together, our approach will use a polymer matrix that is
itself piezoelectric. The matrix materials of choice are NASA-LaRC
poly benzimidazoles (PAEBI), polyimides (fluorinated or asymmetric)
or polyamides (Nylon) that have been shown to exhibit exceptionally
high piezoelectric effects. Our approach is novel in several key
areas namely:
The proposed piezoelectric composites will find numerous non-space
based applications both within the commercial and the defense
communities. Key areas of application include flexible
hydrophones, sound dampening devices, acoustical sensors, and
actuators.
SMART Materials, Piezoelectric Composites, Ceramics, Polymers,
Flexible Composites
Project Title:
Synthesis of Highly Nonlinear Optical Ferroelectric Liquid
Displaytech, Inc.
2200 Central Ave.
Boulder, C0 80301
93-1-04 06 8933
Synthesis of Highly Nonlinear Optical Ferroelectric Liquid
Crystal Polymers
Abstract:
New Materials possessing fast nonlinear optical (NLO)
susceptibilities, in particular materials with high second order
nonlinearity chi squared, are greatly needed in the emerging
photonics industry. The chi squared NLO materials in use today
are large, high quality inorganic crystals, which have the
disadvantages of being expensive, shock-sensitive, and difficult
to pattern. We herein propose to develop inexpensive,
shock-stable, easily patterned organic NL0 materials. These
materials will have high hyper-polarizability in conjunction with
very high thermodynamically stable order. These materials will be
ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs), a unique form of matter
which is admirably suited for optical applications such as NLO.
The FLCs will be incorporated into a polymer, which can freeze
into a glass form, thereby giving highly ordered, temperature
stable NLO materials. We believe that, using monomers developed
in the Boulder group, that we might achieve NLO materials with
deff twenty-five times that of lithium niobate.
Beam steering, optical switches, optical interconnects, second
harmonic generation of near infrared radiation, photorefractive
gratings.
Non-linear optics, FLC, ferroelectric liquid crystals, polymers,
elastomers, second harmonic generation
Project Title:
Orientation of High Tc Superconductors by Optical Processing
Advanced-Fuel Research, Inc.
87 Church Street
P.O. Box 380379
East Hartford, CT 06138-0379
93-1 04.07 9806 Amount Requested $69,956
Orientation of High Tc Superconductors by Optical Processing
Abstract:
The inability to fabricate copper-based superconductors capable of
transporting or circulating high current densities over large
volumes has severely limited applications for wires and levitation.
Difficulties in texturing these ceramic materials is due to the
requirement for nearly perfect grain boundaries resulting from the
small quasi particle coherence lengths. Control of the morphology
and nature of defects or grain boundaries effecting vortex pinning
is the key to expanding applications of these materials. We
propose a method to create rapid melting and solidification in the
presence of a giant thermal gradient along the c-axis of
mechanically aligned bulk YBa2Cu307-x substrates. A fast-moving
and directed, giant thermal gradient is energized by continuous
wave C02 laser radiation. Objectives are directed toward
developing a technology for fabricating large structures of high Jc
copper-based superconductors relevant to wire and levitation
applications. Experiments will be performed to define the best
compositional pathways and optical parameters to control the
ceramic morphology. Large structures of textured ceramics with a
high density of pinning sites will find numerous NASA applications
for magnetically levitated static and dynamical bearing systems
requiring large forces, restoring forces (stiffness) and minimal
rotational drag forces.
A technology based on optical processing of bulk ceramic
superconductors has great commercial potential for future markets
in bearings, motors, generators, flywheel energy storage,
electronics, micromachinery, medical applications (MRI, etc.),
magnetic separators and MAGLEV transportation. This technology is
widely considered to be in an area of great importance for US
international competitiveness.
High temperature superconductors; YBa2Cu3O7-x; Directional
solidification by optical processing; Giant thermal gradients;
continuous wave C02 lasers; magnetic levitation.
Project Title:
Refractory Composite for High Temperature Gas Containment
Advanced Ceramics Research, Inc.
841 East 47th Street
Tucson, Arizona 85713
93-1 04.08 2616 Amount Requested $70,000
Refractory Composite for High Temperature Gas Containment
Abstract:
Hafnium diboride and zirconium diboride have properties that make
them ideally suited for plasma containment vessels including high
melting point, good creep resistance, high thermal conductivity,
good oxidation resistance and good optical emissivity and
absorptivity. Although these materials have good thermal shock
resistivity compared to other structural refractories, their
thermal shock resistance is not good enough for monolithic plasma
containment devices. A new approach will be used to improve the
thermal shock resistance of these two materials. The approach is
to prepare fibrous monoliths. In the fibrous monolith approach a
cellular structure is produced that will allow stress
delocalization and redistribution on a microstructural level. The
fibrous monolith consists of a cellular net work of the primary
material separated by an interface material. The interface
material must be lubricous to allow sliding of the cells of the
primary material. Localized stress concentrations can not be
transferred across the interfaces. The interface also allows crack
deflection fracture mechanisms to further improve reliability.
This material also has potential applications in rocket nozzle
throats, fuel nozzles, combustion chamber wall liners, and small
turbine engine pressure plate components.
Diboride, Composite, Ceramic, Plasma, Fibrous Monolith
Project Title:
Laboratory Portable Infrared Reflectometer
AZ Technology, Inc.
3322 Memorial Parkway SW, Suite 93
Huntsville, AL 35801
93-1-04 09 7481
Laboratory Portable Infrared Reflectometer
Abstract:
Stability of the optical properties of materials in the space
environment is a limiting technology in the development and
operation of spacecraft. The complex space environment can damage
exposed materials including thermal control surfaces. The thermal
radiative properties of these materials are critical to
maintaining spacecraft thermal control. Accurately measuring
these properties is a difficult process and, currently, can only
be performed on small samples in the laboratory. The proposed
effort is to develop a portable, hand-held instrument for
performing measurement of these properties on small or large
surfaces in laboratory or in the field. The Laboratory Portable
Infrared Reflectometer will use innovative new optical concepts
to perform spectral total hemispherical reflectance measurements
from 2 to over 25 um. Spectral data are automatically integrated
to calculate total emittance of surfaces at a desired
temperature. This unique instrument has many other applications
within NASA, the DoD and the
commercial sector.
The applications for the unique LPIR instrument extend across
NASA, the DoD and the commercial sector. Applications include:
ground and space hardware development, materials and coatings
development, post-flight space hardware analysis, forensic
sciences, chemical and molecular analysis, agricultural plant
physiology, and environmental analyses.
Infrared, Thermal Radiation, Reflectance, Emittance,
Hemispherical,
Portable, Materials, Space Environment
Project Title:
AO Resistant Polymer For LEO Applications
Triton Systems Inc.
186 Cedar Hill Street
Marlborough, MA 01752
93-1 04.09 9493 Amount Requested $69,684.00
AO Resistant Polymer For LEO Applications
Abstract:
Triton Systems Inc. proposes to develop a new and innovative
polymer material that is resistant to the deleterious effects of
atomic oxygen (AIO) on NASA materials in low earth orbit (LEO).
The new innovative material is based on a NASA polymer called PAEBI
that Triton has shown to be A/O resistant. We propose to overcoat
or replace vulnerable polymer materials that NASA is now using in
LEO applications with PAEBI in the form of innovative coatings,
films, and adhesives, for NASA use as an A/O resistant thread in
the multilayer insulation thermal blanket (MLI-Blanket); as an A/O
resistant Ag-polymer top layer in the multilayer thermal insulation
tape (ML-Tape), and in the Lockheed flexible solar array (L-Array).
The effort will develop and test new materials to be used in AIO
vulnerable NASA structures.
The A/O resistant polymer materials developed on this program will
have applications in NASA and commercial low earth orbit (LEO)
structures where attack from atomic oxygen (A/O) is a restrictive
problem. The materials developed are also dielectrics with high
temperature and high strength performance, that will give them
applications as adhesives and insulation materials in commercial
electronic and structural applications.
Atomic oxygen, LEO, Space
Project Title:
A TERPOLYMER COMPOSITE POSSESSING IMPROVED ABRASION RESISTANCE
Cape Cod Research, Inc.
19 Research Road
East Falmouth, MA 02536
93-1-04 10 4400
A TERPOLYMER COMPOSITE POSSESSING IMPROVED ABRASION RESISTANCE
Abstract:
A novel and UV/visible curable epoxy based terpolymer is
described which promises to significantly improve the combined
physical properties and chemical and abrasion resistance of
aerospace structures. The innovative nature of this new
terpolymer means that composites made from it will not only have
improved abrasion resistance, but will also retain the desirable
physical properties of state-of-the-art epoxy formulations.
The new technology described will be applicable to a wide variety
of epoxy resin applications in industry. This includes impact
resistant piping, tanks, and films and coatings of many kinds. As
such, there will be a large number of potential commercial
applications after development through Phases II and III.
abrasion, terpolymer, epoxy, photochemical initiation
Project Title:
Layered Lattice Oxides for 1000@C Lubrication
Wear Sciences Corporation
133 Defense Highway, Suite 212
Annapolis, MD 21401
93-1 04.11 3710 AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,999.34
Layered Lattice Oxides for 1000@C Lubrication
Abstract:
It is well established that certain compounds having layered
lattice structure, like molybdenum disulfide, are effective solid
lubricants. Since a number of double oxides, stable at 1000@C,
have this layered structure it is proposed to evaluate their
potential as high temperature solid lubricants. A selection will
be made, based on a literature review, of 10 compounds which
represent different classes of layered structures with emphasis on
the BasTa4O15 structure. These compounds will be prepared,
characterized and evaluated. Friction tests will be run at various
temperature levels up to 1000@C and "corrosion" compatibility tests
will be run at 1000@C using various substrates. If necessary,
additives will be used to improve their performance. New compounds
with friction coefficients in the 0.2 to 0.25 range will be applied
to refractory metals or ceramic composite substrates and tested to
1200@C to demonstrate their applicability for NASA High Speed Civil
Transport Applications.
Turboramjet Variable Area Exhaust Nozzles, Ceramic Gas Turbine
Regenerator Seals, Lubricant Films for High Temperature Ceramic
Bearings, and Metal Working Lubricants for High Temperature Alloys.
1000@C Double Oxide Lubricants, Ba5Ta4O15 Layered Structures
Project Title:
A Lightweight, High Performance Magnetic Bearing for Gas Turbine
Synchrony Inc.
2623 Bobwhite Drive
Roanoke, VA 24018
93-1-04 12 1541
A Lightweight, High Performance Magnetic Bearing for Gas Turbine
Engines
Abstract:
Synchrony proposes to develop a magnetic bearing system for a gas
turbine engine that features a lightweight, high performance, and
inexpensive actuator. The innovation lies in a novel
homopolar-type structure that offers an 85* increase in load
capacity and a 33* decrease in weight relative to other homopolar
configurations of similar size. The bearing also offers
improvements in power consumption, controllability,
manufacturability, and packaging. The Phase I objectives are to
demonstrate the feasibility with proof-of-concept tests, trade
studies, and preliminary design engineering. It is anticipated
that the bearing will offer clear advantages for high temperature
gas turbine systems. In Phase II, the bearing will be
demonstrated as a full-scale prototype. The applications of
interest to NASA in Phase III include high performance aircraft
and spacecraft propulsion systems, vibration isolation systems,
and rotordynamic test facilities.
Gas turbine systems equipped with the magnetic bearings can be
used for electric power production, compressor drivers, and
marine power production. Other industrial applications include
pumps, utility fans, large motors, spindles, and other rotating
machinery. The proposed concept offers clear performance and cost
advantages relative to other magnetic bearing products that are
offered.
magnetic bearings, gas turbine engine, rotordynamics
Project Title:
Lightweight Reaction Wheels With Extended Momentum Capability
Applied Material Technologies, Inc.
3611 S. Harbor Blvd., Suite 225
Santa Ana, CA 92704
93-1 04.13 8825A Amount Requested $69,798.00
Lightweight Reaction Wheels With Extended Momentum Capability
Abstract:
The proposed innovation is a lightweight reaction wheel (RWA)
support structure and housing assembly that is constructed from
composite materials and which includes an integral tilt mechanism
for extending the operational torque envelope of conventional
RWAs.
Conventional RWAs use changing wheel speeds to impart torque to a
spacecraft and the operational envelope for torque is determined
by the speed variation of the wheel (usually + 3000 RPM). The
objective of this project is to develop a lightweight mechanism
that can be used to vary the position of an RWA angular momentum
vector thus providing for precision adjustments of spacecraft
attitude. The proposed effort for Phase I is to develop a
brassboard test demonstration of this device and to design a
flight qualifiable mechanism that would be developed in Phase II. This
project will provide a capability in attitude control that is not
currently achievable with RWAs and which is also not achievable
with a control moment gyro. The benefits of such a device
include a significant reduction in fuel consumption or elimination of the
fuel consumption for attitude control thrusters resulting in an
extension of the life of a spacecraft.
Commercial Satellites, e.g., communications satellites
Reaction-wheel, Composites, Tilt Table, Gimbal, Housing,
DSiC/Metal, GR/Epoxy
Project Title:
STANDARD WELD WIRE COMPOSITION BY EDDY CURRENT TESTING
Welding and Metallurgy Professionals
1610 Sunlake
Huntsville, AL 35824
93-1-04 14 0036
STANDARD WELD WIRE COMPOSITION BY EDDY CURRENT TESTING
Abstract:
This project will provide a low cost method of continuously
assuring that the weld filler wire required by qualified Welding
Procedure Specifications has been used. The method will be based
on continuous eddy current testing. The weldments will have the
required resistance to welding and service environments. The
lower cost will be due to eliminating hand labor to administer
the present safeguard against mixed weld wire. The eddy current
alloy sorting test will adapt the mature technology of defect
inspection for long life, high pressure high temperature tubing.
The pickup coil will be designed for sensitivity adequate to
detect steady state and transient changes of composition and
microstructure due to wire grade change. The parameters of
possible and actual grade changes will be determined by a test of
several stainless steel rod end-to-end welds. Technical problems
avoided would include possible hot cracking during welding and
excessive corrosion in service. Administrative burdens to low
overhead technically capable welding shops, incentives to decline
to bid, would also be removed. Cost, delivery and availability
problems could be eliminated.
Monitoring weld wire for aerospace weldments. Testing wire
end-end welds from reels in conductor and lightweight product
manufacture.
Filler metal control; eddy current testing; wire end weld testing
Project Title:
High-Brightness High-Energy Electron-Beam Welder
Genesis Research
631 Sylvan Court
Batavia, Illinois 60510
93-1-04 14 1112
High-Brightness High-Energy Electron-Beam Welder
Abstract:
A novel electron-beam welder will be developed that greatly
extends the practical range of beam energy and beam brightness of
industrial electron beam welders. The welder is compact,
relatively simple, and inherently safe from high-voltage hazards.
Our proposed welder will permit greater control of welds both in
vacuum and at atmospheric pressure with little thermal distortion
of welded parts. The result for NASA programs will be improved
aerospace components and assemblies. Revolutionary improvements
in atmospheric electron beam welding, made possible by our
proposed device, will greatly extend the size and range of
objects that can be welded with electron beams. A novel electron
source, at the heart of the innovation, will be tested during the
Phase I program. An accelerator will be added to the electron
source during Phase II to complete construction of a prototype
welder.
Widespread commercial applications exist in nearly every industry
which fabricates parts out of metal or other weldable materials.
Some of the more prominent industries of this type include
automotive, aircraft, shipbuilding, and general machinery
industries. Innumerable consumer products industries would also
have uses for our proposed device, utilizing its capacity for
atmospheric welding in high-speed mass-production.
Welding, Electron Beam, Electron Sources
Project Title:
Enhanced Reality System for Improved Manual Arc Welding
Advanced Welding Concepts, Inc.
P.O. Box 2857
Huntsville, Alabama 35804-2857
93-1 04.14 6750 A Amount Requested $69,757.00
Enhanced Reality System for Improved Manual Arc Welding
Abstract:
Manual welding operations remain totally dependent on the instincts
of the operator and the operator's ability to collect information
through normal sight and sound. The proposed innovation will apply
modern data presentation technology to enhance the welder's
perception of the welding situation. This "enhanced reality" will
improve the quality of data available during a manual weld, thus
improving the operator's ability to create predictable, repeatable
welds. The operator will retain the ability to adjust parameters
via foot pedal, hand switch or manipulation of the torch, but with
greater control and precision. Heat input, surface travel speed
and wire feed rate will be presented in real time. Methods to
present the data will be researched in Phase 1: a head up type
graphical display will be considered, possibly augmented by audible
or tactile signals. The innovation supports the request for
"Simulations of metals processes, utilizing graphic displays,
correlated to actual process parameters and databases" under the
subtopic "Welding and Related Metals Processing."
NASA and its contractors use manual arc welding extensively for
fabrication and repair of flight hardware. Commercial industry
uses manual arc welding for a large proportion of its fabrication
operations. Both these groups stand to benefit greatly from
successful innovation of this "enhanced reality" for manual arc
welding. Improved productivity, reduced costs and improved quality
of product will make this product an attractive investment for all
segments of American industry.
Arc Welding Manual Virtual Reality
Project Title:
Intelligent Adaptive Structural Integrity Assessment System
NeuroDyne, Inc.
One Rendall Square
Cambridge, MA 02139
93-1 04.16 3360 Amount Requested $70,000.
Intelligent Adaptive Structural Integrity Assessment System
Abstract:
Composites may be used as high-strength, low-weight structural
componenent with material properties tailorable to specific
applications, while fiber optic sensing technology provides a means
for sensing various properties such as stress, strain and
elasticity. These composite structures may degrade due to improper
manufacture, duty cycle wear, impacts, and material corrosion.
While embedded sensors provide a means for gathering vast
quantities of data relating to the structural and dynamic history
of composite structures, it is necessary to process, integrate, and
interpret this information if the embedded sensors are to be useful
in determining structural integrity.
This effort will utilize advanced neural network based techniques
for modeling and analyzing dynamic structural information, as well
as neural network classifiers for performing real-time sensor
interpretation and sensor fusion. This will yield an adaptable,
intelligent system to give a robust, accurate measure of structural
integrity for thick-section composite structures
Advanced light-weight composites employing smart structures
technologies include light-weight launch, orbital, and deep-space
vehicle structures, including satellites, space station components,
and critical NASP (Orient Express) structures. Non-space oriented
applications include automotive body parts and engine components
(lower fuel costs), light-rail cars, and reinforcing structures.
Smart Structure, Embedded Sensor, Structural Integrity, Structural
Composite, Neural Network, Fiber Optic
Project Title:
Embedded Optical Fiber NIR-PRFS Fluorosensor for NDE of Aerospace
Systems & Processes Engineering Corp (SPEC)
1406 Smith Road
Austin, TX 78721
93-1-04 17 0318
Embedded Optical Fiber NIR-PRFS Fluorosensor for NDE of Aerospace
Systems
Abstract:
Conventional fiber optic fluorosensors absorb and re-emit in the
UV/VIS spectral range. The unavailability of UV/VIS light sources
makes these fluorosensors prohibitively costly and unreliable.
Systems & Processes Engineering Corporation (SPEC) proposes to
develop an embedded fiber optic near-infrared (NIR) fluorosensor
which uses reliable and inexpensive diode lasers as light
sources. The embedded fiber optic fluorosensor will combine (1)
Phase Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy (PRFS) to exploit
fluorescence lifetime which is more sensitive to fluorescence
changes induced by cladding immobilized, NIR fluorescent
molecules complexed with metal ions produced by airframe
corrosion, and (2) SPEC's digital optical phase-locked-loop
(DOPLL) for strain, stress and vibration measurements. The system
when integrated into the airframe will provide real time
monitoring of the health of bonding joints and critical failure
locations (e.g. fasteners, bolts, composite joints, welds) on an
aircraft by monitoring corrosion by-products (metal ions). The
envisioned system will feature the following technologies: NIR
absorbing probe molecules; optical cladding immobilized with
fluorescent dye molecules; fluorescence lifetime measured by
PRFS; strain, stress, and vibration measurement by DOPLL; and
optoelectronic miniaturization technology. The resulting system
will be lOO times smaller and faster, and 1/4 the cost of
existing commercial fluorosensors.
The embedded optic fiber PRFS/DOPLL system can be used to control
smart structures, monitor aircraft structures, and assess joint
integrity. The system will provide manufacturing support for
non-contact measurement, for detection of chemical residues, and
for inspection of conventional and composite manufactured
products. The development of novel NIR fluorosensor dyes will
provide new fiber optic sensor applications for wastewater
treatment and groundwater monitoring.
Near-Infrared Dyes, PRFS, Fluorosensor, NDE, Embedded Fiber
Optics
Project Title:
Evaluation and Portable Design of RGX
Digiray Corporation
2239 Omega Rd.
San Ramon, CA 94583a29
93-1 04.17 1510A Amount Requested $70,000
Evaluation and Portable Design of RGX
Abstract:
With McDonnell Douglas Aerospace consultants, Digiray proposes
(1)
to determine the potential benefit to Aerospace Nondestructive
Evaluation (NDE) applications of a breakthrough technology for
filmess real-time/near real-time nondestructive evaluation (NDE)
of
large areas: Reverse Geometry X-ray (RGX) imaging, and (2) to
design a portable RGX system. Phase I Reliability Analysis will
assess RGX NDE capabilities and limitations for high throughput
NDE
of small cracks and damage due to fatigue or corrosion. This
proposal projects at least a doubling of inspection speed with no
loss of inspection reliability. To make the technology readily
transferable to industry, a portable version of system will be
designed for the maintenance hangar environment. The unusually
clear images, as well as image enhancements, facilitate
interpretation.
High throughput NDI of: aircraft for cracks, corrosion, impact
damage, foreign objects, water entrapment; turbine blades;
electronics; composites; power generation tubing; explosives;
airport security.
Real time, digital, x-ray, contrast sensitivity, field of view
Project Title:
Innovative Processing for Metal Matrix Composites With Controlled
Materials and Electrochemical Research (MER) Corporation
7960 S. Kolb Road
Tucson, AZ 85706
93-1-04 18 1980
Innovative Processing for Metal Matrix Composites With Controlled
Microstructures
Abstract:
Conventional composite processing techniques are presently unable
to fabricate unidirectional fiber reinforced composites based on
small diameter fibers, for example, ~5-20 um in diameter. The
primary problem is one of infiltration of the matrix in between
the fibers and maintaining a reasonably constant fiber spacing.
An innovative MMC processing technique is proposed wherein,
starting with a ceramic fiber tow, each fiber would be spread and
individually coated with the matrix material by a plasma-assisted
sputtering process. The continuous coated fiber can then be
utilized in a variety of ways, such as fiber lay-up for uniaxial
panels or weaving in 2 or 3 dimensional architecture, followed by
hot consolidation to obtain advanced composites with desired
fiber orientation. Such a composite processing technique is also
amenable to tailoring of the fiber-matrix interface by the
addition of a very thin coat of metals such as Cr or Ti (which
improve adhesion of the matrix to the fiber) prior to deposition
of the matrix in a single step. Further, the fiber volume
fraction within the matrix can be varied by varying the thickness
of the coating. By coating all the fibers to a given thickness,
an uniform fiber spacing can be obtained in a hot-consolidated
state. This composite processing technique is also flexible
enough to accommodate a starting compliant/compensating layer, if
necessary, to improve the thermal cycling performance of these
composites (especially those based on relatively brittle
matrices).
MMCs are expected to present a significant market in the near
future for commercial and military aerospace engines and other
hot-structural applications. This route to the synthesis of these
composites with a tailored interface is expected to by more
attractive from microstructural uniformity and associated
mechanical property considerations.
Plasma Sputtering, FeCrAlZr-Al203, Superalloys, Metal Matrix
Composite
Project Title:
Pressure Infiltration Processing of Reinforced Superalloys and
Metal Matrix Composite Castings, Inc. (MMCC, Inc.)
118 Trowbridge St. #8
Cambridge, MA 02138
93-1-04 18 6453
Pressure Infiltration Processing of Reinforced Superalloys and
Intermetallics
Abstract:
Five innovations are offered: 1) Pressure in filtration casting
of net-shaped components with sapphire reinforced NiA1 and
alumina multifilament tow reinforced In 718 superalloy, 2) low
cost tooling concepts, 3) exact geometric positioning of fibers
during processing, 4) the elimination or reduction of CTE
mismatch strains between fibers and matrix during thermal
cycling, and 5) defect free castings through controlled
solidification. The principal Phase I objective is to prove the
pressure infiltration of high temperature superalloy and inter-
metallic composite concept. Experimentally, we will develop
casting processes, and in doing so, we will examine the
compatibility of various hybridization particulate candidates,
mold, fiber coating and mold coating materials with NiAl and In
718. We will manufacture flexure and CTE specimens for the
evaluation of ambient and high temperature flexure strength, CTE,
and thermal cycling behavior. The following results are expected:
Through use of hybridization, we will 1) achieve exact
positioning of fibers in the preform and subsequent casting, 2)
reduce CTE mismatch strains to tolerable levels and eliminate
radial and longitudinal cracking, and 3) demonstrate a low cost
process for the manufacture of low defect, high integrity, high
performance, net shaped components.
Blades, vanes, blisks, blings, nozzles, combustor liners, etc.
are candidate applications for sapphire reinforced NiAl. The
alumina reinforced In 718 materials are candidates for nearly two
thirds of the weight of a gas turbine engine. More immediate
applications include turbocharger rotors for diesel powered
trucks and off-road vehicles which have serious needs for
enhanced materials.
Composites, NiAl, Sapphire, Casting, Infiltration Thermal
ExPansion, Hybridization Compatibility
Project Title:
MICROWAVE DRIVEN PLASMA SPRAYING
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
93-1-04 20 0003
MICROWAVE DRIVEN PLASMA SPRAYING
Abstract:
A new method of producing a hot plasma/gas stream for "plasma
spraying powdered materials is proposed. The method uses
microwaves to produce and heat the plasma. The objective of the
program is to experimentally demonstrate the new method and
establish scaling to commercially interesting powers. The project
consists of modifying apparatus supplied by PSI for plasma
spraying, then measuring the output flow temperature and
velocities and testing the ability to spray materials. Microwave
driven plasma spraying offers several advantages over
conventional arc-driven plasma sprayers. Microwave discharges
require no electrodes, thus eliminating the problems of wear
associated with these elements. The discharges are also more
stable, potentially improving the quality of the sprayed coating
and reducing operating noise. In addition, a variety of gases,
including inexpensive nitrogen, can be used as the working fluid.
Ohmic and thermal losses are low, resulting in potentially high
efficiencies. The discharge can operate at higher pressures at
high temperatures, resulting in the high velocities of HVOF but
at the high temperatures of plasma devices. This results in
higher quality coatings of high melting temperature materials,
such as ceramics. This capability offers significant improvement
over the current state-of-the-art plasma spray technology.
The potential exists that microwave-based plasma sprayers, with
their superior performance, gas handling capability, and
reliability/lifetime can result in a very competitive commercial
system, thereby replacing a large fraction of the existing plasma
sprayers. Plasma spraying is a very large business area, with the
market for plasma spray guns being $20M/year in the U.S. alone.
Plasma spray, microwaves
Project Title:
Multifilaments Ceramic Fibers for the Reinforcement of Ti3Al
Materials and Electrochemical Research (MER) Corporation
7960 S. Kolb Road
Tucson, AZ 85706
93-1 04.21 1980 Amount Requested $70,000
Multifilaments Ceramic Fibers for the Reinforcement of Ti3Al
Abstract:
While ceramic fiber reinforced titanium aluminide matrices
composites are attractive due to their high specific strengths at
high temperatures, one primary limitation is the lack of CTE match
and chemical compatibility between the fiber and the matrix. The
thermal mismatch and reaction zone is responsible for cracking
during post-fabrication cool down and under thermal cycling. It is
proposed to use a novel approach of coating multifilament carbon
fibers with a single novel coating material. The produced ceramic
fibers will be both CTE and chemically compatible to Ti3Al and Ti
alloy matrices. It is proposed to coat carbon core fibers with
dense TixAlC layers using MER recently developed coaxial hollow
cathode plasma coating reactor. The ceramic fibers will be fully
characterized, and consolidated in a titanium aluminide and Ti
alloys matrices to establish technical feasibility.
The commercial benefit of the proposed novel ceramic fibers program
development is the increased likelihood of titanium aluminide
matrices composites finding applications in advanced aerospace
projects and many commercial down-stream applications like heat
exchangers, gas turbines and hot-aerospace structures.
Ceramic fibers, Composites, Coating, Al2O3, T1AlCx, T1 alumimide
Project Title:
Improved Barrier Coatings for Continuous SiC Fibers in Ceramic
Advanced Ceramics Corporation
11907 Madison Avenue
Lakewood, OH 44107
93-1-04 21 3962
Improved Barrier Coatings for Continuous SiC Fibers in Ceramic
Composites
Abstract:
A new barrier coating for protection of continuous SiC fibers in
composites up to 1500C will be applied to continuous fiber tows
by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in commercial apparatus.
Current SiC fibers, and currently used BN barrier coatings, are
restricted to use below 1100C and are unsuitable for use in
turbine combustors and other high temperature applications.
Two CVD compositions in the BN/TiN system and two compositions in
another system. Interfacial shear properties, oxidation and
moisture resistance, thermal expansion coefficients and chemical
analyses will be obtained on well defined bulk SiC before coating
continuous tows. Average coating thickness, coating uniformity
and textile handling behavior of the coating systems will be
evaluated before selecting a preferred system to be scaled up in
Phase II.
Enables continuous ceramic fiber composites (CFCC) to be used at
temperatures up to 1500C, permitting development of ceramic
combustors and hot parts for advanced turbine engines.
Non-aerospace applications of barrier-coated CFCC include
stationary power turbine components, radiant tube burners,
gas-flow heat exchangers and filters, and waste incineration
systems.
Boron Nitride, Ceramic Composites, Ceramic Fibers, Chemical Vapor
Deposition (CVD), Interfaces, Shear Strength, Silicon Carbide
Project Title:
Electrically Conducting Diamond Films for Wear and Erosion
Materials Modification Inc., (MMI)
2929-P1 Eskridge Road
Fairfax, Va 22031
93-1-04 22 1371
Electrically Conducting Diamond Films for Wear and Erosion
Resistance
Abstract:
Wear resistant electrically conducting diamond coatings are
desired in extending the lifetime of components in electric
rocket thrusters for space applications. These may include hollow
cathodes, various electrode surfaces, and extraction grids, to
name only a few. Although several methods exist for the
deposition of diamond coatings, many of these processes are
limited in their ability to produce doped diamond films with
reproducible quality. In this Phase I effort, we will demonstrate
the feasibility of producing diamond that is doped using two
different deposition techniques. We will first use a modified hot
filament CVD method to deposit doped diamond films from
acetone/methanol mixtures containing the p-type dopant as a
boron-containing compound, and measure their electrical
resistivities. Since large area deposition at high rates will be
desired, we will also attempt to use a DC-arcjet to deposit
boron-doped diamond films using boron containing precursors.
Analytical instrumentation such as scanning electron microscopy
and Raman spectroscopy will be used to characterize the films.
Preliminary electrical resistivity measurements will be performed
on films produced using a four-point probe. We expect to scale up
the technique in Phase II to deposit doped diamond coatings over
prototype electrode and insulator components for extensive
evaluation so that the technique can be adapted for production
during Phase III.
The potential applications of this project are: a method of
deposition of high performance electrically conducting diamond
films with good wear resistance on a large variety of components.
The process or processes can be applied to form semiconductor
devices and optical switches, insulating gates and active/passive
components.
Diamond Films, Electrically Conducting, Chemical Vapor
Deposition, Protective Coatings, Doping, wear resistance.
Project Title:
A Software Tool to Design Thermal Barrier Coatings
Deformation Control Technology, Inc.
7261 Engle Road Suite 105
Cleveland, OH 44130
93-1 04.23 8477 AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,012
A Software Tool to Design Thermal Barrier Coatings
Abstract:
The goal of this SBIR effort is the development of a software tool
to aid in the design of thermal barrier coating systems. This tool
is needed to spur the continued development and implementation of
TBC's in turbine engine applications; TBC's are required in order
to improve engine efficiency. In this Phase I effort, the
functionality of this design software will be demonstrated by
development of a material property database, an automated model
set-up module, 2D FEA, and the definition of a preliminary set of
design rules.
Presently, the method of TBC design is based on physical
experiments which are time consuming and expensive. Furthermore,
the interpretation of experimental data is difficult due to the
complexity of the variables and their interactions in determining
TBC performance and life. In Phase I, 2D FEA will be performed to
investigate variable complexities in order to define specific
design rules. The use of FEA as an automated experimental method
will speed TBC development by providing a means of separating
complex variable interactions. The definition of specific design
rules will lead to a directed design methodology that will enable
the development of spall resistant, high performance TBC's.
The software tool developed under this SBIR program is necessary to
support continued improvement in development and application of
thermal barrier coating systems. Specifically, advanced engine
components used in the aerospace industry can immediately benefit
from this type of simulation tool resulting in massive fuel
savings. These same benefits can be realized by designers of any
high temperature application which involves the use of TBC's.
TBC, Thermal Barrier Coating, Process Simulation, Design Software,
High Temperature Materials
Project Title:
Sic Platelet Reinforced Diboride Composites
White Materials Engineering
Ashton Parkway
Cumberland, RI 02864
93-1-04 24 0957
Sic Platelet Reinforced Diboride Composites
Abstract:
The addition of Sic Platelets to selected diboride material
systems offers the possibilities of increased toughness and
improved Thermal protection. The innovative use of single crystal
silicon carbide platelets with their highly reflective
crystalographic planes, could lead to increased hot wall heat
fluxes due to increased reflectivity of the platelets versus the
normal particulate. In addition to increased thermal performance,
one would anticipate an improvement in the fracture toughness of
a platelet reinforced composite over the normal particulate
material due to beneficial crack tip deflection. A series of
materials and processing techniques will be employed to produce
test coupons for mechanical and arc jet testing. Assumming
success, a number of devices such as leading edges, injectors,
heat exchangers, and sensors could be manufactured under a Phase
2 project.
In addition to NASA components for reentry applications, this
material would find commercial applications in the following
areas: High temp test fixturing, heat exchangers, molten glass
and metal processing equipment, nozzles, injectors seals,
sensors, and protection sleeves. The most likely areas for Phase
3 development would be in the metals processing industry and
aircraft and power turbine applications.
Diborides, SIC, Composites, platelets, protection, Leading edges
Project Title:
Fluted Core Braiding for Flexible Blanket Insulation Thermal
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196
93-1 04.24 3200 Amount Requested $69.969
Fluted Core Braiding for Flexible Blanket Insulation Thermal
Protection Systems
Abstract:
Tailorable Advanced Blanket Insulation (TABI) has been developed as
a thermal protection system for future transatmospheric vehicles.
TABI is produced in weaving looms at low rates and is very
expensive. Foster-Miller proposes an improved textile process for
TABI. Two flat braiders simultaneously produce parallel 0@/+0/-0
triaxial flat fabric facesheets. The axial (O@) tows run
alternately through both facesheets via synchronized transfer
creels. Crossover of axial tows forms the ribs between the
facesheets. Ceramic batting insulation can be incorporated into
the flutes during braiding. Due to the inherently faster rate of
braiding versus weaving, and the elimination of the flute
"stuffing" operation, this process should lower the cost of TABI.
Furthermore, Foster-Miller has developed braiding machinery that
has 25X the fiber capacity of current braiders; thus dramatically
reducing setup and downtime. Another advantage of braided TABI is
that triaxal fabrics are stronger than simple 0/90 wovens. In
Phase 1, Foster-Miller will validate the machinery concept to form
braided fluted core TABI. The program team includes McDonnell-
Douglas (SSTO program), and an expert in commercialization of
advanced textiles. Phase II would involve fabrication of a high
volume TABI braider and a parallel effort to develop private sector
applications for TABI.
Braided TABI should be much cheaper than the current woven form.
This should extend its appeal to industries that are more price
sensitive than the aerospace industry. Potential commercial uses
for TABI include liners for furnaces and other high temperature
industrial processing equipment, and fire barrier protection
systems for ships, buildings, and oil derricks. The Phase I
program will include a survey of these industries to determine
volume requirements and cost barriers.
TABI, Thermal Protection Systems, Braiding, Flexible Blanket
Insulation
Project Title:
Lightweight Ceramic Ablators
Fiber Materials, Inc.
5 Morin Street
Biddeford, ME 04005-4497
93-1-04.24-5911
Lightweight Ceramic Ablators
Abstract:
Future atmospheric entry vehicles will require thermal protection
materials/systems that are more durable, lower weight, combined
with highly efficient protection from atmospheric heating. One
low density material concept has been found to exhibit good
ablation and in-depth thermal response under simulated entry
conditions. This material is a low density carbon fiber
reinforced carbon matrix with a nominal density of 0.18 gm/cm3.
The purpose of this proposed effort is to investigate, both
analytically and experimentally, the influence of various
material variables of this low density carbon material for these
types of applications. In particular, it is proposed that the
influence or density, anisotropy, fiber type and polymer matrix
be investigated.
The results from this research/investigation will lead to better
insulation materials, particularly for very high temperature
furnaces, such as those which are used in the production of high
modulus, high thermal conductivity carbon yarns which operate at
temperatures in excess of 2700øK.
Low Density, Ceramic Ablators, Carbon Fiber, Carbon-Carbon, High
Temperature Insulators
Project Title:
OXIDATION-RESISTANT COATING FOR CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES
Advanced Technology Inc., (ATI)
47341 Bayside Parkway
Fremont, Ca 94538
93-1-04 25 1144
OXIDATION-RESISTANT COATING FOR CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITES
Abstract:
Carbon-Carbon (C-C) composites are candidate materials for
hypersonic and aerospace applications due to their high fracture
toughness coupled with extremely low density and high temperature
strength. However, they easily degrade in an oxidizing
environment even at temperatures as low as 450øC. Consequently,
the development of high-temperature oxidation-resistant coatings
for these materials is of prime importance to the aerospace
industry. A major factor that will be instrumental in the
exploitation of C-C is the ability to develop oxidation resistant
surfaces in order to protect the surface from high altitude or
low orbit oxygen available for deterioration of the skin of an
avionic or astronautic vehicle travelling at greater than Mach 1.
In this Phase I effort, we will demonstrate a novel technique
that can achieve oxidation resistant surfaces to 2D
carbon-carbon. This process entails the application of tin with
the addition of very particular transition metals (in minor but
controlled amounts) which as such a mixture can form compounds on
the carbon when fired in Co atmospheres and thus result in a
direct metallurgical bond to the carbon-carbon workpiece. The tin
rich layer can be skimmed off of the resultant metallization
layer by reflowing the bulk of the metallization. This can be
done while leaving the remaining transition metal rich
interfacial zone that can serve as a oxidation resistant layer.
We will also perform plating of a thin layer of electrolytic
chromium on top of this interfacial reaction zone as a separate
experiment. Finally as a control we shall compare these two sets
of test specimens to chrome plated but no pretreated
carbon-carbon. Coordination has also been initiated with
B.F.Goodrich, a major manufacturer of C-C, so that
components can be evaluated during the Phase II effort. Direct
implementation in production line processes will be feasible in
Phase III.
Commercial applications for oxidation protective coatings on C-C
composites include, brakes in high speed transportation,
transmission bands, clutches and space and aircraft systems that
require service in oxidation environments.
Carbon-Carbon, composites, Intragene, oxidation protection
Project Title:
Reliable Furnace Joints for Gas Grain Simulation Facility
Advanced Technology Inc., (ATI)
47341 Bayside Parkway
Fremont, Ca 94538
93-1-04 25 1144A
Reliable Furnace Joints for Gas Grain Simulation Facility
Abstract:
The ability to simulate and investigate the systems and processes
associated with the formation of particles would present an
exciting opportunity to answer scientific questions concerning
the life and death of stars, the formation of the solar system,
and the connection between the solar system's evolution and the
appearance of life. Simulation will require the use of
microgravity furnaces that can be used either on KC 135 runs or
in the space station. Since these furnaces have to be lightweight
and heated to high temperatures, joints for these furnaces will
need to be strong and capable of withstanding the repeated
thermal cycling. Aluminum oxide-to-graphite joints are desired in
many applications involving insulators and specifically in high
temperature furnaces to be used in the gas grain simulation
facility. The proposed Phase I effort will focus on the formation
of high-temperature (>1000øC) joints between aluminum oxide and
graphite that are necessary to provide reliable electrical and
thermal performance.
Applications for these joints will be in beehive heaters and in
high temperature joints used in resistive heater elements in the
furnace industry.
alumina, graphite, chemical bond, brazing, thermal cycling
Project Title:
Joining Carbon-Carbon Composites and High Temperature Materials
Science Research Laboratory, Inc.
15 Ward Street
Somerville, MA 02143
93-1-04 26 1122
Joining Carbon-Carbon Composites and High Temperature Materials
with High Energy Electron Beams
Abstract:
The use of high energy (E ~ 1-5 MeV) electron beams (HEEB) at
high average power (P ~ 50 kW - 1 MW) allows carbon-carbon (CC)
composite components to be joined together and bonded to
high-temperature metallic materials. HEEB joining utilizes
deep-penetration volumetric heating to melt a thin, high-Z braze
alloy interlayer. The localized power deposition raises the CC
and braze temperatures only at the joint, permitting wetting and
reliable joint formation. Traditional joining methods such as
furnace brazing and mechanical techniques are not acceptable for
production of CC thermal shields or CC-containing tubes for
rocket exhaust applications. HEEB joining minimizes thermal
expansion failure which can occur with furnace brazing and
replaces ad-hoc joining. Science Research Laboratory (SRL) has
developed a new generation of pulsed induction linear
accelerators which allow reliable, cost efficient production of
high average power electron beams with the necessary parameters
for CC joining. A unique feature of these accelerators is the
high repetition rate (>5000 pps) all-solid-state pulsed power
drivers which make these accelerators scalable to MW power levels
at an electron beam cost of less than $2/Watt. The induction
accelerator technology developed by SRL is consistent with the
power densities (300-3000 W/cm2) and beam energies (1-5 MeV)
required for CC joining. A HEEB CC joining system based on this
technology is described. Preliminary experiments in Phase I will
demonstrate HEEB joining and determine joint reliability and
strength. Process optimization and the fabrication of thin-walled
tubes containing CC-refractory metal bonds are planned for Phase
II.
Low weight, high thermal conductivity and operating temperature
and low chemical reactivity make carbon-carbon composites ideal
for use in solid-propellant rocket motor nozzles and exit cones,
and as ablative nosetips and heat shields for reentry vehicles.
CC will also find application as structural materials in turbine
engines and in advanced spacecraft. A proposed process will
replace ad-hoc methods to allow reliable joining of CC and the
brazing of CC to metallic substrates.
Electron Beam, Induction Accelerator, Carbon-Carbon Composites.
Brazing, Heat Shields
Project Title:
Shared Multi-Use Remote Robotics Facility (SMURRF)
Orbital Technologies Corporation (ORBITEC)
402 Gammon Place, Suite 10
Madison, Wisconsin 53719
93-105.01 1992 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
Shared Multi-Use Remote Robotics Facility (SMURRF)
Abstract:
The Shared Multi-use Remote Robotics Facility (SMURRF) will provide
a simple, Flexible, and functional manipulator to assist space
operations in an unmanned mode. Shared Multi-use Robotics Facility:
Shared - Combined Automated and human controlled modes of
operation; Multi-use - the wide range of applications; and Remote -
the capability of supporting the operator and robot system with
inherent time delays and reduced bandwidth communications. SMURRF,
contained in a single shuttle locker, will provide an interface to
any scientific, processing, or other application locker, and be
controlled from the ground using existing ORBITEC controllers and
feedback devices, and existing stereographic displays. SMURRF has
potential to save billions of dollars in operations in space that
would not normally occur without the presence of humans.
Possible commercial applications include: accelerated enhancements
of the national robotics infrastructure, improved hazardous
materials handling, supervised automation of biomedicine and
biotechnology operations, remote, unmanned operations and many
spinoff OEM products.
Robotics, Automation, Telerobotics, Space Processing, Space
Commercialization
Project Title:
A Platform for the Development of Remotely Operated Robotic arm
International Science Exchange Agency (ISEA)
Bedford Square, 1314 Bedford Avenue Suite 113
Baltimore, Maryland, 21208
93-1 05.01 4618 Amount Requested $69,071
A Platform for the Development of Remotely Operated Robotic arm
with Intelligent Visual Control
Abstract:
Remote guidance of robots is a rapidly growing technology with
applications in industry, space exploration, and earth and
oceanographic science research. The key elements of the remote
guidance hardware have become available at increasingly affordable
prices with the development of personal computers and personal
video equipment. These include high performance central
processors; high resolution television cameras, video display
boards, and monitors; high performance frame grabbers for image
capture and processing, and, finally, multi-tasking, multi-windows
multimedia operating systems software.
Phase I of this Project will demonstrate the feasibility of real
time three dimensional vision on a commercially available personal
computer hardware for robot systems. The following applied
software will be developed: an integrated multitasking,
multiwindows operating system shell; primary window program for
stereo vision; windows for stereo vision control; window for
controlling sound monitoring; toolbox window for vehicle guidance.
Two TV cameras and stereo microphones, will be mounted on a small
robotic arm moving under computer based operator guidance.
A low cost ($8000) hardware and software platform will be
developed. This platform will be used to develop prototypes of
remotely controlled robotic arm within a space laboratory, and
other hazardous environment. All multimedia environment features
will be implementable.
robots, stereo visual system, multimedia
Project Title:
Foveal Machine Vision for Mobile Robots using Agent Based Gaze
Amherst Systems Incorporated
30 Wilson Road
Buffalo New York 14221
93-1 05.02 0610 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $
Foveal Machine Vision for Mobile Robots using Agent Based Gaze
Control
Abstract:
A key robot visual system resource is acuity, and yet this is fixed
in conventional uniform acuity machine vision; regions with little
or no relevance to the robot's mission are sampled at the same
resolution as key features, occupying valuable signal bandwidth and
computational resources, and increasing system latencies. Foveal
active vision features imaging sensors and signal processing with
graded acuity, and context sensitive sensor gaze control, analogous
to that prevalent throughout vertebrate vision. Foveal systems
operate more efficiently because resolution is treated as a
dynamically allocatable resource. Wide field-of-view, localized
high acuity, and fast frame rates are achieved while minimizing
irrelevant sensor data. The maturation of foveal technology is
hampered by the need for fast and intelligent gaze control. This
program will prototype a mobile robot foveal vision system which
relies on an agent based grounded layered architecture with
integrated reasoning for gaze control. This architecture will
facilitate the development of successful active vision behaviors
(sensor pointing and platform motion) required for operation in a
"dynamic space environment". Learning techniques will be
investigated which accelerate attentive active vision behaviors by
evolving them into preattentive responses.
Foveal machine vision offers improved performance, greater platform
intelligence and autonomous operation, and lower system cost than
traditional uniform acuity sensors. It is intended for applications
in poorly controlled environments where response time is critical,
including autonomously guided vehicles and mobile robots, non-
emissive guidance and collision alert, automated transport in
dynamic environments, and assembly and inspection.
Foveal Vision, Autonomous Agents, Attention, Learning, Agent
Architecture, Hierarchical Processing, Multiresolution, Gaze
Control
Project Title:
Robotically Enhanced Manipulation
Computer Motion Inc.
250 Storke Rd., Suite A
Goleta, CA 93117
93-105.03 3729 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000.00
Robotically Enhanced Manipulation
Abstract:
An innovative man-machine interface will lead to the growth of a
new class of robotic systems. These new systems are designed to
work with the operator to provide him additional degrees of freedom
and perceptive capability. The resulting system will perform tasks
beyond the capability of either the man or the machine alone. Our
hypothesis is that the interface is the critical component of these
systems.
The interface we propose will integrate voice recognition, image
processing, eye tracking and force feedback technologies. The goal
is to devise an interface that is as seamless and as intuitive as
possible. A number of applications will be possible with such an
interface.
For example, an astronaut could use micro manipulators as
"additional arms" when performing repairs in space. He could
control these manipulators to work in tandem with his own arms to
accomplish tasks that might otherwise require several people.
Our initial application of this technology is in endoscopic
surgery. With robotic enhancement, the surgeon will be able to
control an endoscope and three surgical tools simultaneously.
Robotic enhancement technology will allow operators more degrees of
freedom than they had alone. Demand for the technology is already
strong in surgical applications. The technology would also have
applications in space or undersea construction. Robotic Enhancement
could be useful wherever an operator needs expanded physical
capabilities to perform tasks.
Robotic enhancement, user interface, force feedback
Project Title:
MINIATURE HOLOGRAPHIC DISPLAY SYSTEM FOR PLANETARY ROVER MISSIONS
Advantech, Inc.
P.O. Box 2202
La Jolla, Ca. 92038
93-105.03 3975 _ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,692
MINIATURE HOLOGRAPHIC DISPLAY SYSTEM FOR PLANETARY ROVER MISSIONS
AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS - MINIATURE SPACE MANIPULATOR
Abstract:
A miniature holographic display system for planetary rover missions
and commercial applications will be developed. Present methods for
capturing, storing, and displaying visual scenes usually use
digital electronics. These techniques are not able to record three
dimensional (3-D) objects or visual scenes. On the other hand,
those holographic visualization schemes use photographic films
which are not directly compatible with digital data. The Advantech,
Inc. proposes a new and innovative opto-electronic holographic
system capable of capturing and storing the necessary Fourier
transform data from one data set (object), with the potential to
combine and display multiple data set, and to reconstruct a
hologram. The proposal will capitalize on the recent advances in
optical and electronic techniques. The optical method is based on
the projection of variable gratings onto a 3-D object to get the 3-
D information. The hologram is generated by using an opto-
electronic hybrid system. By using the system, the Fourier
transform or Fresnel diffraction pattern is calculated optically to
avoid the slow computer calculations. The synthesis of the hologram
can be done by a computer. The hologram is displayed on a spatial
light modulator (SLM) for 3-D reconstruction. In the proposal, the
principle of the method, the implementation and characteristics of
the system, and planned tasks are presented in detail. Potential
future applications have been discussed.
The results of Phase I effort will provide a feasibility
demonstration of a novel miniature opto-electronic holographic
display system. Potential commercial applications include a 3-D
display of x-ray computerized topography data, health monitoring in
hospitals, personal "Walkman" type advertisement and marketing
display, and holography-aided display for design of buildings and
automobiles.
miniatureholographic display, planetary rover missions
Project Title:
Long Stroke Micromachined Linear Actuator for Positioning of
SatCon Technology Corporation
12 Emily Street
Cambridge, MA 02139-4507
93-1 05.04 0540 Amount Requested $69,906
Long Stroke Micromachined Linear Actuator for Positioning of
Optical Components
Abstract:
NASA requires micro-miniature precision stages which can be used
for positioning of small lightweight devices such as optical
mirrors. SatCon is proposing, as the essential actuator element,
a micromachined, electrostatically deflected, compound cantilever.
The cantilevers will be micromachined with the deep etch
capabilities of the LIGA process at the Center for Advanced
Microstructures (CAMD) of Louisiana State University. The
cantilevers can be multiply-arranged for full-tilt control and
linear positioning of small lightweight devices such as optical
mirrors. Mass production is practical since molds for a complete
six-degree-of-freedom can be fabricated in a single run. Since
each actuator element in a set can be independently controlled,
this allows not only aiming of an array of mirrors but also
variable control of focal length. The development of variable
focus, compact optical reflecting, and eventually refracting,
elements would have significant application in consumer
applications such as cameras, medical devices, and video
technology.
In Phase I, a geometrical design will be developed along with a
viable fabrication technique consistent with the LIGA process. The
efficacy of key aspects of these designs will be assessed through
actual fabrication of test structures at the LIGA facility. For
Phase II, prototype actuators will be fabricated and evaluated.
The proposed micro-actuator has clear commercial applications in
two fields: optics and microsurgery. Used ag a tilting stage,
individual miniature mirrors in arrays could be used as a single
lens of controllable focal length. This very compact lens would
allow would much smaller, lighter and cheaper consumer items such
as cameras and projection TV since the lens barrel would be greatly
shortened. Medical uses of the actuator include less invasive
microsurgery of critical organs such as the heart.
microfabrication, precision stage, micro-actuator, LIGA process
Project Title:
Electromechanical Vibratory Tactile Stimulation
Orbital Technologies Corporation (ORBITEC)
402 Gammon Place, Suite 10
Madison, Wisconsin 53719
93-105.05 1992 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 70,000
Electromechanical Vibratory Tactile Stimulation
Abstract:
ORBITEC proposes to develop an innovative Electromechanical
Vibratory Tactile Stimulation (EVTS) system that will provide
intuitive tactile, force, and torque feedback. The need for this
type of feedback is growing, as manipulators become more dextrous,
and more complex tasks are to be carried out by teleoperators. EVTS
consists of several vibratory electromechanical stimulators
combined into one structure, and miniaturizing the structure and
electromagnets. The geometrical placement of stimulators plays an
important part in the capability of EVTS to provide comfortable
intuitive feedback. The number of stimulators allows for different
"patterns", "vectors", and "levels" of stimulation possible. This
innovative approach will provide NASA with a safe, durable, and
effective form of feedback to human operators. This technology has
the potential to become a reliable commercial source for effective,
and intuitive, form of a tactile, force and torque feedback system.
EVTS has a valuable and promising future in commercial
applications. In the biomedical field there are numerous
applications where force/tactile feedback would be invaluable.
Another field that shows a remarkable potential is the prosthetic
field. EVTS systems could be either redundant, complimentary, or
primary sensory feedback device.
sensory, perception, stimulation, vibratory, tactile, force
Project Title:
Ross-Hime Designs, Inc.
1313 5th St. S.E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414
93-1 05.05 3808 Amount Requested $70,000
ROBOTIC SURROGATE
Abstract:
NASA has requested a robotic surrogate to work autonomously or to
work alongside astronauts, for tool retrieval, space station
construction, satellite maintenance and interplanetary habitat
preparation for astronaut base camps. Human sizing, flexibility
and fault tolerance are key needs that must be addressed.
Proposed is a ten-axis robotic surrogate that is both highly
dexterous and scaled to human proportions. Innovations include the
development of an impact resistant elastomer composite shoulder
that has the range of motion and flexibility of the human shoulder.
Utilizing redundant actuators, it is fault tolerant and rugged. A
new elbow design which is compact and lightweight is presented.
Commercial applications are numerous and include prosthetics,
animatronic figures, and sales to research laboratories.
The Phase I deliverable will be one robotic surrogate with a base
control system, and a final report. The report will include a
complete print package of working drawings, and computer simulation
and analysis data.
Ross-Hime Designs has had a 100% success rate at commercializing
NASA SBIR technology. Prosthetic arms for above elbow amputees is
one application. Animatronic figures for theme parks where life
like motion is required is another. Sales will also be made to
national laboratories.
Robot, Surrogate, Manipulation, Teleoperator, Actuator,
Project Title:
A Telerobotic/EVA Astronaut Compatible Fastener For Small/Medium
Honeybee Robotics
204 Elizabeth Street
New York, NY 10012
93-1 05.07 0661 A Amount Requested $69,968
A Telerobotic/EVA Astronaut Compatible Fastener For Small/Medium
Sized Payloads
Abstract:
Presently, many small and medium sized payload modules are
secured in place with #10 screws. Unfortunately, these screws cross
thread easily and require epoxy to survive launch, rendering small and
medium payloads as non-candidates for on-orbit servicing. An
innovative fastener for payloads is proposed, as an alternative
to #10 screws, to facilitate telerobotic & EVA astronaut on-orbit
servicing. The proposed fastener is tolerant of initial
misalignments yet cannot crossthread; also no lock down epoxy is
required to survive the launch environment. The objectives of
the research are to confirm the predicated performance of the
innovation, determine the practical feasibility of the fastener
and to investigate the space qualification potential of the
innovation.
The proposed effort is to design and fabricate, working
prototypes of the proposed fastener and to fabricate and test a
comprehensive breadboard version of a small payload module for testing robotic
and manual change-out of said module. The offerer expects the
Phase I effort will lead to the production of the proposed
fastener which in turn will foster the development and production of
serviceable small and medium payload modules. The fastener
development will also hasten the introduction of a comprehensive
"fastening" strategy for telerobotic and EVA on-orbit servicing.
Use of the proposed fastener will accelerate cost reducing
maintenance & repair designs for spacecraft and platform
subsystems; designers will be free to develop small serviceable
payload modules and maintenance strategies. The innovation will
also meet rising industrial demand for robot compatible fasteners
and an industrial demand for a vibration resistant fastener not
requiring locktite.
Fastener, non-crossthreading, vibration resistant, on-orbit
serviceable payload modules.
Project Title:
Next Generation Laser Tracking System for Robot Position
Automated Precision, Inc.
7901 C-E Cessna Avenue
Gaithersburg, MD 20879
93-1 05.07 7986 Amount Requested $69,981.00
Next Generation Laser Tracking System for Robot Position
Measurements
Abstract:
Today many robots are being applied in areas where accurate
positioning and orientation of the robot end-effector is required.
A practical approach to achieve accurate positioning of the robot
end-effector is through the use of an external measuring system.
In 1986, a 3-D and 6-D laser tracking interferometer systems (LTIS)
were commercialized and have been used worldwide for robotic
applications. However, LTIS has severe limitations such as being
too expensive, lacking robustness for some industrial applications
and lacking capability for measuring orientations dynamically.
This proposal presents a Phase I work plan to develop an
innovative, low-cost, robust, next generation laser tracking system
(LTS) of robot position and orientation measurement. An innovative
absolute laser ranging system based on a technique referred to as
"repetitive time-of-flight" measurement will be developed. The
system measures the elapsed time for a light pulse to repeatedly
travel between an emitter and receiver, and converts the time to
precise distance measurement. To measure angles (pitch, yaw and
roll) of the robot in rel-time, an advanced optical sensor will be
also developed in this program.
Successful development of this next generation LTS will have
significant impact in industry. In addition, it creates many
opportunities for precision engineering and robotic research.
Commercial applications include highway and building construction,
robot and CNC machine-tool calibration and control, large
structural measurement, jig and fixture alignment, unmanned vehicle
guidance and control, space and defense industry applications, etc.
Robot metrology, calibration, coordinate measuring system, laser,
tracking
Project Title:
A Nonscanning Confocal Camera for High-Speed Precise Surface Profiling
Physical Optics Corporation
Research and Development Division
20600 Gramercy Place, Suite 103
Torrance, California 90501
93-105.08 3088 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,976
A Nonscanning Confocal Camera for High-Speed Precise Surface Profiling
Abstract:
Physical Optics Corporation proposes to develop a novel nonscanning
confocal camera (NSCC) for high-speed precise 3-D surface
profiling. The proposed NSCC projects 4 x 104 confocal beam probes
onto the surface under test and simultaneously performs depth
measurements for all points by axial scanning only and preserves
the high depth resolution of conventional single beam probe
systems. With sophisticated system design and data processing, the
developed NSCC will be high-speed, highly accurate, very compact
and rugged. The NSCC can be integrated into a small robot for
nondestructive testing.
The NSCC can be used for defect detection, strain measurement,
precise surface profiling for propellers in aircraft, ships or
electrical generators. It can also be used for cornea or retinal
mapping.
NDT, 3-D Surface Profiling, Confocal Technique
Project Title:
Singularity-Free, Spherical, Double Pointing System Containing Two Actuators
Yoder Software, Inc.
3100 Benham Avenue
Elkhart, Indiana 46517
93-105.08 4864 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 46,869
Singularity-Free, Spherical, Double Pointing System Containing Two Actuators
Abstract:
The proposed innovation is a two-actuator, singularity-free double
pointing system which has a spherical geometry. It has potentially
widespread application as the basis of a new generation of
singularity-free manipulator wrists which will not generate coupled
arm/wrist singularities. It will also serve as the shoulder
pointing subsystem for singularity-free manipulator arms, such as
the spherical arm-subassembly. These new manipulators will meet the
need addressed in the subtopic by minimizing interaction forces
caused by singularities and by increasing the reliability of
current singularity-free systems by reducing the required number of
actuators in their design. The proposed effort aims to complete a
conceptual design for a two-actuator, spherical, singularity-free
double pointing system, construct an experimental mock-up of this
design, and develop the kinematic equations for this system when it
is applied as the pointing subsystems for three types of
manipulator geometries. Both NASA and industry will benefit from
having such systems, which will provide greater dexterity than
present industrial systems, effectively eliminate all internal
workspace singularities, and increase the reliability of
singularity-free systems.
Commercial applications include flexible manufacturing systems and
any robotic application requiring increased dexterity from a
pointing subsystem. In addition, the innovation can be used as a
pointing subsystem for controlling space systems such as mirrors
and relays.
design, manipulation, manipulators, dexterity, robotics
Project Title:
A Parallelization Facility for Handling Irregular Grid Problems
Applied Parallel Research, Inc.
550 Main Street, Suite I
Placerville, CA 95667
93-1 06.01 1600 AMOUNT REQUESTED $66,734
A Parallelization Facility for Handling Irregular Grid Problems
Abstract:
Many state-of-the-art algorithms require the use of irregular
computational grids. Currently no products exist that can assist
the user in parallelizing such a program; however, research
conducted at a number of institutes suggests methods for handling
irregular problems. This proposal suggests the commercialization of
several research projects into the FORGE 90 software.
The FORGE 90 programming environment is recognized as the most
powerful parallel programming facility commercially available.
FORGE 90 is the only such system that can translate an existing
serial program for distributed memory parallel computers. The
developers of FORGE 90 recognize that the major limitation of the
FORGE 90 system is its inability to handle irregular problems.
We have identified several pertinent research projects conducted at
NASA/Langley's ICASE which suggest runtime analysis tools that can
examine a programs data distribution and establish a communication
pattern for transferring the data between the processors.
Additionally, it would be important to supply the user with a
facility to arrive at an optimal decomposition of data on irregular
grids across the parallel system. NASA/Ames Research Center and
several other research groups have conducted research which can
support the development of commercial tools to solve this problem.
The success of this project will assure the availability of
powerful parallelization tools for converting large Fortran
applications to massively parallel processors. The availability of
these tools for converting large Fortran will make parallel
processing more viable for users from many application areas.
Distributed Memory, Massively Parallel, Irregular Grids,
Interactive, Sparse Matrix, High Performance Fortran, Data
Partitioning, Communication
Project Title:
A message driven portable parallel FORTRAN
Parallel Solutions
P.O. Box 11164
Champaign, IL 61826
93-1 06.01 1947 AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,321
A message driven portable parallel FORTRAN
Abstract:
We propose to develop a FORTRAN-based portable parallel programming
system. This system will allow user programs to run unchanged on
most MIMD machines with shared as well as non-shared memory. The
unique aspects of this system will be (a) message driven execution
for latency tolerance, (b) information sharing abstractions, (c)
extensive support for reuse and modularity, (d) extensive support
for highly irregular computations in the form of dynamic task
creation, dynamic load balancing and prioritized scheduling.
Message driven execution is a novel technique developed in Charm
since 1986, that eliminates some impediments to high performance on
massively parallel machines. A visual program development system
will also be developed which will simplify the task of specifying
asynchronous parallel computations. An accompanying trace driven
simulation system will be developed for predicting performance with
different architectural parameters. This work will be based on
technology developed by University of Illinois which is being
licensed by the offerer. Message driven execution is a novel
technique to eliminate impediments to high performance in the
prevalent SPMD parallel programming model and to obtain increased
processing speeds. The developed system will run programs portably
on iPSC/860, Paragon, CM-5, NCUBE, networks of workstations,
sharfed memory machines, and possibly other new MIMD machines.
A portable parallel FORTRAN with message driven execution will
overcome performance impediments for massively parallel processing,
and along with its support for reuse, and irregular computations,
will advance the state of art considerably. As a result, it is
expected to have significant commercial applications in
computational science and engineering.
Parallel Programming, Portability, Message-driven, FORTRAN,
irregular
Project Title:
Megaprogramming for NASA's Unmanned Missions
Ada Technology Group, Inc.
1900 "L" Street Northwest, Suite #500
Washington, DC 20036
93-1 06.02 1321 AMOUNT REQUESTED $68,790.00
Megaprogramming for NASA's Unmanned Missions
Abstract:
The title of the proposed Phase I project is "Megaprogramming for
NASA's Unmanned Missions: Domain-Based Software Engineering". The
objective of the Phase I activities is to develop a domain-based
software engineering life cycle process consisting of an
integrated, object-based domain-engineering process. A
comprehensive suite of object analysis and design techniques will
be specified which will support the construction of software
families and the creation and management of Domain-Specific
Software Architectures (DSSAs) to support megaprogramming. These
DSSAs will be designed to support NASA unmanned mission software
development from analysis of requirements to development and
support throughout the extended mission life cycle.
We will survey available object technology, repository library
frameworks, and advance CASE technology so that we can specify a
candidate suite of tools to support the NASA megaprogramming
methodology.
1. Development of new CASE tools to support megaprogramming.
2. Development of new courseware in domain engineering and
megaprogramming.
Software, Reuse, Domain Analysis, Domain-Specific
Software Architectures, Domain Engineering
Project Title:
A Distributed Coordination Infrastructure for Highly Automated Operations Support Systems
Symbiotics, Inc.
725 Concord Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
93-1 06.02 3635 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,973
A Distributed Coordination Infrastructure for Highly Automated Operations Support Systems
Abstract:
Requirements to reduce human support costs and to manage increasing
complexity are driving designers to incorporate intelligent systems
into ground control systems. Individual tasks such as fault
diagnosis and configuration management have been automated
successfully. However, less progress has been made in coordinating
sybsystem- and task-specific intelligent applications to work
together cooperatively to achieve coherent system-level management.
The proposed SBIR effort will investigate an innovative agent-
oriented architecture to address this problem. The primary
objective will be to design a generic infrastructure, which
consists of a layered collection of distributed communication and
coordination services. The second objective will be to design a
uniform, high-level Application Programming Interface (API) to the
infrastructure. Agents will interact with one another via API
requests to the infrastructure. This approach greatly reduces the
complexity of designing agents by externalizing communication and
control functionality into an integrated framework of common,
interoperable services.
Maintainability and extensibility are correspondingly simplified.
The resulting technology will enable NASA to design and prototype,
implement, deploy, and operate highly automated ground control
networks for space-based systems.
distributed operations and decision support systems for complex
communication, computer, power, and transportation networks, and
for process control in manufacturing and office automation domains.
intelligent systems, agents, distributed coordination, operations
support
Project Title:
A Design-for-Testability Advisor for Automated Code Generation Systems
Reliable Software Technologies Corporation
11150 Sunset Hills Rd. #250
Reston, VA 22090
93-1 06.03 1219 A AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,746
A Design-for-Testability Advisor for Automated Code Generation Systems
Abstract:
The proposed innovation is a CASE tool advisor that will enable
NASA to automatically produce higher testability code; this will
allow NASA to assess their software systems to higher levels of
reliability with fewer test cases. The objectives of this study are
to determine how testable current CASE generated code is, decide
where a testability advisor might reside, and determine the
feasibility of developing a testability advisor. These objectives
will be met through a feasibility study to examine the issues
associated with design for testability, analysis of CASE code, and
research into implementation issues. The anticipated result is a
clear understanding as to how a software testability advisor can be
built for a CASE environment. RST expects that the developed
testability system will provide NASA with a means of developing
critical software using CASE that is testable. Such an innovation
will assist in the development of both aerospace and avionic
systems. The developed software testability advisor will be
commercialized by RST and sold along with our other testability
products.
The commercial applications of this innovation are diverse: all
vendors of critical software. These include nuclear, avionics,
aerospace, medical device software, DoD systems, and of course NASA
contractors.
computer-aided-software-engineering software reliability
Reliable Software Technologies Corporation
11150 Sunset Hills Rd. #250
Reston, VA 22090
Project Title:
A Practical Ada Mutation Testing Tool
Reliable Software Technologies Corporation
11150 Sunset Hills Rd. #250
Reston, VA 22090
93-1 06.03 1219 B AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,956
A Practical Ada Mutation Testing Tool
Abstract:
Software testing is one of the most problematic phases of software
development. This stems from the inability to gain acceptable
confidence that a piece of software will not fail after deployment.
Mutation testing is one form of white-box software testing that
holds promise in assuring that a piece of software does not contain
faults after testing is complete. Mutation testing does this by
mutating the source code and then finding test cases that are able
to distinguish the original code from the mutated code. This
creates a set of test cases that are termed as "mutation adequate."
These test cases are considered as having a greater ability to
detect software faults and they are then used as the test inputs to
the program. Unfortunately, mutation testing techniques have not
been practical -- due to high performance costs. We propose to
research these issues to prove the feasibility of developing a
mutation testing tool for Ada software components. This work will
yield a tool that provides NASA with software that should be less
likely to contain faults after testing. This reduction in software
faults will provide significant cost reductions associated with
maintaining NASA software that has been tested using mutation
testing.
The benefits of this system are immense, given that no mutation
testing tool has ever been built for Ada. This tool will have
application in any environment in which Ada components are being
developed and tested.
mutation testing, software testing, Ada, software faults
Reliable Software Technologies Corporation
11150 Sunset Hills Rd. #250
Reston, VA 22090
Project Title:
Generating Distributed Applications from Formal Object-Oriented Specifications
SureObJects
13 Eaton Road
Amherst, NH 03031
93-1 06.03 4334 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $65611.91
Generating Distributed Applications from Formal Object-Oriented Specifications
Abstract:
SureObjects proposes specifying and implementing a practical
development environment for creating formal algebraic
specifications of the semantics of potentially distributed objects
and functions and subsequently automatically generating the source
code corresponding to those specifications. Such specifications
typically specify, but are not necessarily restricted to, object
class definitions. Unique features incorporated include: (1) the
first use of the formal semantics of partitioned algebras as the
basis for generating code, (2) the use of graphics to specify the
algebraic semantics instead of the usual textual equations (i.e.,
provides a more applicable and intuitive means of specifying
imperative semantics), and (3) automatically generating code
directly from formal specifications including the capability of
supporting distributed objects transparently. Furthermore, the
proposal directly addresses several of the suggestions for reliable
software development including: automated support of analysis and
design, automatic program generators, and particularly the interest
in environments for developing distributed applications.
Anticipated results of the project include the ability to create,
modify, store, retrieve formal graphic specifications of object
classes and functions, and also completely generate application
source code from them. NASA should benefit by increasing the
quality of the application code and decreasing the effort to create
that code.
Both public and private sectors need reliable software and
increased programming productivity both in support of research and
development of products, and for financial transactions. By
eliminating the manual coding of the specifications, there is a
substantive decrease in the amount of programming, thereby
increasing programming productivity.
specifications, object-oriented, distributed, generators, graphic
programming
Project Title:
A Hybrid Hardware and Software Approach for More Reliable Computer Applications
Auka Tech, Inc.
2727 Second Avenue
DETROIT, MI 48201
93-1 06.03 4816 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,362
A Hybrid Hardware and Software Approach for More Reliable Computer Applications
Abstract:
Safety-critical aerospace applications have become increasingly
dependent on a software component. However, conventional
approaches to increasing the software reliability of these systems
have focused on purely programming aspects. While these methods
can all lead to techniques which should minimize the number of
flaws in the logic of programs, none claim to result in generation
of code with zero errors. Recognition of the fact that systems for
improved code reuse, code testing, or automated code generation
will remain imperfect, has inspired the present innovative proposal
for a hybrid hardware and software approach for improving software
reliability. The Phase I effort is therefore aimed at researching
how to create a hardware "watchdog" which is pre-programmed with
characteristics of normal execution and flow of the program. Any
deviations from normal program execution would be sensed and
corrected by the new hardware device. This research is encouraged
by preliminary results with similar approaches for improving the
fault tolerance of machine controllers. Success with this proposed
effort will anticipate demand by NASA and the aerospace industry
for improved reliability of critical systems. It will also lead to
creation, in Phase II, of a product for the commercial market which
provides both soft and hard fault tolerance in the software running
on personal computers.
Results will be integrated into a complete approach towards making
it possible to run any conventional software with increased
reliability on personal computer systems. The whole aerospace
industry could also be a large potential market for incorporation
of this technology in flight control and flight monitoring systems.
It is further possible that any algorithms and hardware developed
could be modified to assist in the improvement of embedded software
systems for the automotive industry. With successful completion of
a product which is user friendly and inexpensive, all companies
dependent on their computer avoiding unrecoverable crashes will be
a likely customer for adoption of this system.
fault avoidance, fault tolerance, software reliability,
software validation, recovery block, watchdog
Project Title:
Development of Tools for Software Safety Analysis in
ASCA, Inc.
2250 E. Imperial Highway Suite 200
El Segundo, CA 90245
93-1 06.03 6658 Amount Requested $69,583
Development of Tools for Software Safety Analysis in
Aerospace Applications
Abstract:
This proposal concerns the development of procedures and software
for implementing the Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM), a
methodological approach to modeling and analyzing software-based
control systems for the purpose of reliability/safety assessment
and verification. Using DFM, models representing causal and timing
relationships between software functions, interfacing hardware and
external system parameters are analyzed to produce "timed" fault
trees which relate the values of system variables at discrete
points in time. The development of dynamic, multi-valued (non-
binary) fault trees represents a significant technical advancement
in system safety and reliability analysis. These fault trees
explicitly identify the causal and timing effects leading to system
events of interest. This information can then be used to eliminate
system faults resulting from combinations of software logic errors,
hardware failures and environmental conditions. The use of the
tools developed by this research, instead of traditional testing
and verification techniques, will enable NASA and its contractors
to save large amounts of effort and economic resources when
demonstrating the safety of digital systems and software.
This research will develop tools to analyze and assure the safety
and dependability of software used in digital control and digital
embedded systems. Commercial applications are anticipated in the
aerospace and defense industries, as well as in other industries
which employ similar systems.
software safety/reliability assessment, Dynamic Flowgraph
Methodology
Project Title:
Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Reactive Planning
Stottler Henke Associates, Inc.
916 Holly Road
Belmont, CA 94002
93-1 06.40 1692 AMOUNT REQUESTED $70,000
Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Reactive Planning
Abstract:
We propose an innovative combination of artificial intelligence
(AI) techniques to meet NASA's scheduling needs for representation,
schedule design and schedule analysis. We will use AI knowledge
representations including frames, semantic networks and rules for
capturing schedule components and constraints. We will facilitate
schedule design and reactive planning through the use of the
intelligent entities concept and similarity-based and constraint
satisfaction techniques, techniques we have used with much success
for NASA's high-level manifest planning. We will enhance NASA's
schedule analysis capabilities through the application of AI
constraint-based techniques, capture and implementation of
heuristic analysis techniques and standard graph negotiation
techniques. NASA will benefit from improved schedule maintenance,
display and analysis capabilities.
The goals of the Phase I research are to thoroughly define the
planning domain, elaborate the artificial intelligence techniques
useful for automating the scheduling problem, prove the feasibility
of these techniques, and develop a complete system specification
for an automated NASA scheduler. Phase I research and prototype
development will lay the groundwork for the Phase II implementation
of an automated scheduling and analysis system and the eventual
commercialization of a reactive planning system.
The commercial applications of an automated reactive planning tool
include factory/manufacturing scheduling, facility construction
scheduling, maintenance scheduling, business project scheduling,
delivery scheduling, and other large-scale planning and scheduling
applications.
Artificial Intelligence Reactive Planning Scheduling
Object-oriented Rules Intelligent Entities Constraint-satisfaction
Project Title:
Airborne Observatory Operations Associate
ISX Corporation
4353 Park Terrace Drive
Westlake Village CA 91361
93-1 06.04 2020 Amount Requested $69,573
Airborne Observatory Operations Associate
Abstract:
This SBIR proposes to apply knowledge based systems (KBS)
technology to the operational support of Ames airborne
observatories to assist in reducing mission turn around time.
Phase I has two objectives: establish the feasibility of developing
a Knowledge-based Observatory Management System (KOMS); produce a
system design for a Phase 11 program to develop a high utility
support capability. Five tasks are proposed to achieve those
objectives: 1 ) airborne observatory (AO) operations domain
analysis, 2) visionary system story boarding, 3) preliminary end-
to-end system design, 4) technology assessment, and 5) Phase 11
KOMS development plan construction. The Phase I program will
result in an AO domain model and operational case, a process model
and operational scenario, a user validated storyboard demo, a
preliminary system architecture, a functional technology
requirement list, a technology assignment list, a critical
experiment list, and a Phase 11 development plan. The KOMS KBS-
based operations associate can provide an innovative means to
automating aspects of Ames AO operations. KOMS can assist in
providing near term reduction in mission turn around time on KUIPER
and can provide early evaluation of the potential use of KBS
technology in future platforms such as SOFIA.
The task of reducing flight turn around time, cost and risk in the
operation of NASA's airborne observatories is similar to operation
support problems found in commercial aviation. IS anticipates that
an operations associate such as KOMS that is used successfully by
NASA to impact time and costs will be of significant interest to
commercial customers and should lead to a range of
commercialization opportunities for software licensing and
productization.
Airborne Observatory, Knowledge Based Systems, Knowledge
Engineering, Associate Systems, Operations Associate
Project Title:
Expert Distributed Knowledge Systems for Aerospace Applications
Scientific Computing Associates, Inc.
One Century Tower
265 Church Street
New Haven, CT 06510-7020
93-1 06.40 7442 AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,978.
Expert Distributed Knowledge Systems for Aerospace Applications
Abstract:
Many aerospace applications produce vast amounts of data that must
be analyzed intelligently as rapidly as possible, often with near-
real-time constraints. Examples include telemetry data from a
variety of sources, scientific data from space missions, and design
and performance data for complex devices.
Extracting knowledge from such data is a demanding task requiring
powerful computer hardware and appropriate software architectures.
On the hardware side, there is growing interest in parallel
computers, and especially in parallel "hypercomputers" that may be
created from clusters of powerful RISC workstations, now available
from many vendors and installed widely within NASA and the
aerospace industry.
This project addresses the software required for knowledge
processing on distributed or parallel computers. Specifically, we
will develop novel distributed knowledge processing software for
workstation clusters and shared- or distributed-memory parallel
computers embodying both hierarchical real-time data fusion and
expert database capabilities. Such unified "expert data fusion"
software should be uniquely capable of supporting both rapid
analysis of evolving data streams and smart knowledge extraction
from legacy data. By building the software so that it leverages
existing tools, techniques, and databases, we will be able to
deliver tremendous productivity increases to users in the aerospace
community.
The types of knowledge processing systems addressed in this project
are of wide interest within the government and in private industry,
since they can lead to significant competitive advantage for users.
Our approach is very general, so it can be applied broadly to
problems as diverse as manufacturing technology, real-time data
processing, and command-and-control systems. Thus, it should be
possible to develop numerous commercial applications having
significant impact on national security and US industrial
competitiveness.
Real-time knowledge processing, Distributed knowledge systems,
Distributed data management,Expert systems, Parallel computing,
Workstation clusters, Linda
Project Title:
The Structuring and Retrieval of Design Information
Enterprise Integration Technologies Corporation (EIT)
459 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 100
Palo Alto, CA 94301
93-1 06.04 8000 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,840
The Structuring and Retrieval of Design Information
Abstract:
There is great interest in systems for preserving a practical
corporate memory of the design of complex devices for use in re-
design and diagnosis throughout the device lifecycle. Dedal is a
proven, model-based approach to the structuring and retrieval of
large amounts design information. The goal of this research is to
bring Dedal technology developed at the NASA Ames Research Center
to bear on design information that is represented as World Wide Web
hyperdocuments.
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a networkwide effort that provides
documents to an increasing number of sophisticated client programs
for reading and navigation. Dedal technology would provide a
significant improvement in retrieval where its model-based
structuring was appropriate.
In Phase I we plan to establish that the Dedal technology can be
translated from its current environment into the more standard
C/C++ programming environment while still maintaining the necessary
functionality. In addition, we will determine modifications and
enhancements that will be necessary to take advantage of the
different way that data is encoded in WWW format versus the current
representation for design data that is currently used by Dedal.
The commercialization of the Internet is a very popular topic these
days and is the focal point of many projects that EIT is involved
with. The Dedal technology has the potential to be a valuable
service offered on the Internet for the structuring and retrieval
of design information.
design documentation, hypertext, Internet, information retrieval,
concurrent engineering
Project Title:
A Hybrid Forecasting Tool for Distributed Mission Planning
Nienhaus & Associates, Inc.
201 Creekview Drive
Greenfield, IN 46140
93-1 06.05 5805 __AMOUNT REQUESTED $70,000
A Hybrid Forecasting Tool for Distributed Mission Planning
Abstract:
Traditional project management relies on hierarchically structured
projects. As organizations decentralize, the need for distributed
planning increases concomitant with a greater need for
communication. Operations planning through distributed simulation
has been shown to be an appropriate means of organizational role
playing. We propose as the innovation to apply a hybrid Genetic
Algorithm and decision rules as the embedded decision mechanism
within a distributed simulation environment. This provides a tool
for forecasting performance of Mission Operations Systems in manned
space flight operations, within the simulation, "what-if"
framework.
The project management simulation has the potential to serve as an
on-line forecasting tool. Management would have the ability to
assess cost and schedule forecasts using current distributed
information. Such a forecasting tool would benefit large scale
engineering development, or project-driven organizations.
Project Management, Distributed Simulation, Genetic Algorithms
Project Title:
A Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning System Based on Genetic Algorithms
Intelligent Inference Systems Corp.
P. O. Box 2908
Sunnyvale, CA 94087
93-10 06.05 8345 AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,750
A Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning System Based on Genetic Algorithms
Abstract:
Fuzzy inference systems are increasingly being used in development
of intelligent systems. However, these systems use knowledge bases
which are refined manualy. Fuzzy Reinforcement Learning has been
shown to provide automatic fine-tuning capability for several
experimental systems. In particular, the GARIC architecture
developed at NASA Ames, is an experimental system which
demonstrates the process of automatic rule refinement. Here, we
propose to extend this theory with Genetic Algorithms. The main
innovation in this research is the idea of replacing the Stochastic
Action Modification method, as currently used in fuzzy
reinforcement learning, with the more powerful search techniques of
genetic algorithms. We will explore the feasibility of developing
a commercial software tool based on extended fuzzy reinforcement
learning and Genetic Algorithms. The development of this method and
its software shell will significantly contribute to the use of
knowledge-based systems for aerospace applications as stated in the
topic 06.05 of the 1993 SBIR program solicitation. This research
offers a great potential for all fuzzy inference systems for
automatically improving their performances by using machine
learning.
The technical innovation proposed here has the potential to
generate a commercial success as great as what fuzzy logic has been
experiencing in the recent years. Virtually, any existing fuzzy
inference system can use this approach and improve its performance.
This proposal builds on the strengths of fuzzy logic and explores
a new way of designing fuzzy systems by using neural networks and
genetic algorithms.
Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks, Reinforcement Learning,
Genetic Algorithms, Adaptive Fuzzy Systems, Fuzzy Control,
Project Title:
The Personal Motion Platform
Flogiston Corporation
462 Capehill
Webster, Texas, 77598
93-1 06.05 8554 Amount Requested $70,000
The Personal Motion Platform
Abstract:
The Personal Motion Platform (PMP) is designed to be used with
Virtual Environment Training (VET) systems to support Intra
Vehicular Activity (IVA) and Extra Vehicular Activity (EVA)
training development of astronauts. The trainee is supported in a
modified neutral body posture that closely resembles the posture
experienced in micro gravity. This provides both a working
familiarity with the posture, ant a minimal stress posture suitable
for working in immersive environments for extended periods. The
reclining chair is mounted on a small three degree of freedom
motion platform which responds to acceleration vectors created by
the VET processor. The system provides motional feedback to the
occupant in synchronization with their movements inside the digital
world which enhances the simulation experience. The combination of
motion simulation with immersive environments is a new field for
VET and opens up many possibilities for NASA training. There is
significant spinoff into the medical, computing, entertainment and
music fields.
The PMP will be developed for use as a generic motion platform for
cyberspace applications. Applications include a general purpose
environment for working in immersive environments, a simulation
platform for training and entertainment, an operator control
environment for teleprescence, a therapeutic environment for stress
management, and a novel transducer for low frequency music.
Neutral body posture, Motion Platform, Virtual Environment
Training.
Project Title:
Universal Spatial Light Modulator
Displaytech, Inc.
2200 Central Avenue
Boulder, CO 80301
93-1 06.06 8933 A AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,099
Universal Spatial Light Modulator
Abstract:
The proposed work aims to develop "smart" spatial light modulators
(SLMs) that integrate photodetectors, light modulators, and
electronic processing. These SLMs exploit an easily fabricated
hybrid optoelectronic technology that places ferroelectric liquid
crystal (FLC) light modulators directly atop silicon VLSI
circuitry. We propose here to design and fabricate a small
prototype FLC/VLSI SLM implementing an innovative "universal"
function: it can be addressed either electrically or optically, or
read out electrically as a camera. The Phase I effort will focus on
achieving detector sensitivity and uniformity in pixels 30 micron
or smaller; it should yield a prototype SLM with an array size of
32 x 32 or greater, and a frame update rate greater than 1kHz. The
proposed effort includes pixel circuit design and simulation, VLSI
layout, silicon integrated circuit (IC) fabrication, fabrication of
FLC modulators atop the IC, and characterization of the resulting
SLM. Phase II should result in arrays sizes of 256 x 256 or greater
with contrast better than 200:1 and frame rates in excess of 10
kHz. The resulting SLMs will be no larger than a packaged
integrated circuit like microprocessor, and will require no
specialized driver circuitry beyond a standard logic-level
interface.
The proposed SLMs should find use in myriad optical image
processing applications such as target and pattern recognizing
correlators or trackers. Forseen commercial applications include
use as input devices in optical digital memory systems, as
miniature displays suitable for projection or head-mounted virtual
reality environments, and as printheads for compact, high-
resolution hardcopy products.
spatial light modulator, ferroelectric liquid crystal,
optoelectronics, optic signal processing, image processing, optical
computing, silicon VLSI
Project Title:
Field Emitter Display Development Toward Virtual Reality Headsets
FED Corporation
P.O. Box 12802
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
93-1 06.07 9550 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,826.
Field Emitter Display Development Toward Virtual Reality Headsets
Abstract:
This proposal addresses a cost-effective solution for virtual
reality headsets that do not significantly sacrifice color or
resolution. This new headset display could be built to be
compatible with almost any desktop computer system or video format.
In this program we will test the novel concept of combining color
sequential filters with white light field emitter array (FEA)
displays using an experimental 512X512 pixel headset size FEA
display as a demonstration vehicle. This is desired in order to
provide color video output at the same resolution as the monochrome
display at low potential manufacturing cost derived from a
reduction in electronics and connector complexity. Field emitter
displays possess the potential to provide high resolution, high
brightness, full color, wide viewing angle high energy efficiency,
low manufacturing cost, low driver cost, thinness, and possess
small overall volume. Our FEA displays permit these novel display
devices to be designed to operate at high anode potentials,
approaching that of CRTs, allowing the use of high efficiency RGB
optimized phosphors which are commonly available.
This project should result in an acceleration of "high resolution'
headset technology into a great many applications. NASA should find
these low cost displays useful for most virtual reality
applications, as well as, for many other display applications. This
display may provide the lowest cost alternative in any application
where high resolution is needed and a lightweight headset may be
worn, including workstations and portable computers or
communication applications.
Head mounted displays for 2-D and 3-D computer aided design,
medical applications, portable computers, entertainment,
communications, games, and many virtual reality applications.
Display, Field Emitter, Field - Emission, Flat-Panel, Virtual
Reality, Headset
Project Title:
Flexible Code Metastructures for Photochemical Modeling
Computational Physics, Incorporated
2750 Prosperity Avenue
Suite 600
Fairfax VA 22031
93-1 06.09 1301 Amount Requested $69.737
Flexible Code Metastructures for Photochemical Modeling
Abstract:
We propose to create an integrated code environment for atmospheric
photochemical modeling codes that will allow both scientists and
data analysts to tailor photochemical reaction schemes within a
windows-oriented user environment, to compile and execute the
codes, and to inspect the results without actual editing of source
codes. The innovative aspect of this proposed development is the
design and implementation of an "automated updating" capability
that, based on simple screen input from a user, will update the
listings of reactants and reaction paths in the model
photochemistry, regenerate the "map" associating reactants with
reaction paths, and execute "intermediate chemistry expression
generators" that in effect rewrite relevant sections of the
photochemical code automatically. These "generators" are
characteristic of the numerical technique used by the code in
computing reactant abundances; in this proposal, we restrict our
attention to the Newton-Raphson iterative convergence technique for
obtaining steady-state abundances. Development of this environment
with "automated updating" directly serves the subtopic need for the
continual extension of current photochemical model capabilities
while, on the one hand, adhering to operational standards and, on
the other hand, making the code accessible to data analysts in
support of NASA missions.
1. Development of chemical systems modeling software for
industrial and research chemists.
2. Marketing of the photochemical metastructure to companies
contracting with the federal government in support of terrestrial
atmospheric modeling & specification.
3. Continued support of GSFC missions.
software systems design, chemical systems modeling, data analysis
Project Title:
Icon-Based Software Component Access Using a Structural Model Based
American Research Corporation of Virginia
P. O. Box 3406
Radford, VA 24143-3406
93-1 06.10 0655 Amount Requested $70,000
Icon-Based Software Component Access Using a Structural Model Based
on Partially Ordered Sets
Abstract:
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has
identified the need for representation, indexing, storage, and
retrieval of reusable software components. To address this need,
American Research Corporation of Virginia proposes the development
of an icon-based software component access system using a model
based on the theory of partially ordered sets. Project objectives
include development of a model of software structure based on
partially ordered sets, development of a software database
management system based on the proposed model, integration of the
system with an interactive, graphical user interface, and
evaluation of the system. The effort proposed will demonstrate a
proof-of-concept system for representation, indexing, storage, and
retrieval of reusable software source components. The results
anticipated include development of a user-friendly software
librarian system that is relatively simple to implement. Expected
NASA applications and benefits include simple and uniform access to
reusable software developed throughout NASA and substantial savings
in software development time and cost.
Potential commercial applications for the proposed system include
use in software rapid-prototyping systems, and the development of
software librarian systems for use in government, industry,
universities, and research institutions that develop prodigious
amounts of software.
Software Librarian, Representation, Reusability, Partially Ordered
Set
Project Title:
Automated Information Mining of Large Software Collections for the Extraction of Reusable Code
Perigee West Company
P.O. Box 1292
La Jolla, CA 92038-1292
93-1 06.10 9738__ AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,743
Automated Information Mining of Large Software Collections for the Extraction of Reusable Code
Abstract:
There exist today countless gigabytes of source code of widely
varying quality scattered across many corporate, government and
acadamic ftp sites throughout the world. THrough the INTERNET a
skilled programmer can peruse an ftp site in France, for example,
as easily as a system in the next room. User friendly interfaces
such as GOPHER and WAIS reduce the skills required for navigating
the INTERNET to find such resources. Huge collections of tar'd and
compressed source code can be acquired from acress the world in
just moments of data transfer. Commercially available CDROM sources
provide hundreds of megabytes of source code for as little as $35.
Identifying and extracting reusable code modules for incorporation
into an existing code library system from such enormous collections
can be a daunting task. We are proposing the development of a
Software Information Mining Tool which can analyze large
collections of software utilizing vector-space and latent demantic
analysis approaches to text retrieval. Unlike previouslu proposed
systems, the proposed tool will focus on the problem of latent
semantic analysis of free-form text embedded in the source code
itself, augmented by a heuristic analysis of the structure of the
collection.
A commercial tool for automating the identification, classification
and extraction of reusable source code from large existing
collections, which are world wide in distribution, will result is
significant cost savings in development of new software systems.
Our market research has indicated a significant commercial market
for the proposed capability.
software re-use information retrieval latent semantic analysis
Project Title:
Computer-Assisted Networked Evaluation System (CanEval)
Interconnect Technologies Corporation
Post Office Box 390220
Mountain View, CA 94039-0220
93-1-07 01 5958
Computer-Assisted Networked Evaluation System (CanEval)
Abstract:
We propose to develop a networked, computer-based system to
facilitate evaluation processes by distributed workgroups, such
as joint reviews of proposals or papers by a review committee.
Automating this process can significantly reduce administrative
burdens and speed coordination. Applications of the proposed
system, CanEval, could include evaluations of proposals, software
and data submitted to NASA's SBIR, HPCC, MPE, and ISO programs.
CanEval could also be used to evaluate papers submitted to
professional journals, such as the ACM's Transactions of
Mathematical Software. The CanEval system will be based on an
object-oriented Book paradigm. Repositories of evaluations will
be represented in a familiar book form -- chapters, tables of
contents, indices, etc. -- that can be easily retrieved, viewed,
searched, edited and managed. The CanEval system will employ an
open client-server architecture to support heterogenous
information exchange across the Internet. Privacy and workflow
mechanisms will be developed.
The Phase I effort will result in a prototype demonstration
running on a UNIX platform accessed via the Internet. Phase II
will be focused on security enhancements and on generic
capabilities that can be used on other platforms such as PC's.
CanEval's tools to facilitate evaluations by distributed
workgroups are applicable to the needs of many markets:
government agencies (such as reviews of proposals to NASA and
DOE), industry (evaluating contract bids, R&D proposals, business
plans) and academia (reviews of papers and proposals). The time
and administrative savings that can be achieved with CanEval
will, we believe, ensure its successful commercialization.
evaluation, repository, client-server, book, network
Project Title:
Parallel Large Eddy Simulation Code for Geophysical and Space
Cambridge Hydrodynamics, Inc.
P. O. Box 1403
Princeton, NJ 08542
93-1-07 02 1515
Parallel Large Eddy Simulation Code for Geophysical and Space
Physical Applications
Abstract:
An effective simulation tool for the study of flows ranging from
global earth or planetary circulations down to estuary scales and
below is now feasible using massively parallel supercomputers.
However, because of the wide range of scales and physical
phenomena, no single code is likely to handle all problems. Here
we propose to develop a systematic hierarchy of coupled codes
that employ high-order efficient algorithms, state-of-the-art
parallel computing software, and advanced turbulence modeling
techniques. In Phase I, we shall develop an important building
block of this integrated package, namely, a renormalization-group
(RNG) large-eddy simulation (LES) code for flow simulations on
scales of up to O(100) kilometers in the horizontal direction
based on a robust high-order finite-difference algorithm for
parallel supercomputers. In Phase II, this new code will be
integrated with simulation tools for three-dimensional modeling
of meso- and large-scale circulations. In particular, data
obtained from simulations using the LES code will provide the
necessary input for modeling of vertical mixing in the oceanic
boundary layer to be used for global circulation modeling. A key
feature of this work is the implementation of new advances in RNG
modeling of geophysical and space physical flows that leads to
high-order stabilization of negative viscosity phenomena
important for global dynamics.
Prediction of geophysical flows is a growing and important field
of technology. Advanced parallel simulation methods and
well-founded physical models are required to achieve efficient
and effective prediction of flows, including estuary and coastal
circulations, which should find broad application to
environmental protection and pollutant cleanup problems. By
integrating the simulation tools to be developed here into our
standard and widely used CFD and turbulence modeling
environments, a substantial market is anticipated.
Large-eddy simulation Parallel supercomputer Turbulence
Renormalization group High-order scheme Geophysical fluid
dynamics
Project Title:
Advanced Rendering for Scalable Parallel Architectures
Spotlight Graphics
80 Broad Street, Suite 4M
Red Bank, NJ 07701-1930
93-1-07 02 8484
Advanced Rendering for Scalable Parallel Architectures
Abstract:
A system is proposed that integrates a ray traced rendering
software solution with a parallel multiprocessing system in order
to obtain high speed photorealistic visualization. This approach
allows for very high speed creation of realistic images with
transparency, shadows and reflections. These images are
applicable
to a number of rendering applications, including scientific
visualization, computer-aided-design, simulation, and virtual
reality. Algorithms will be designed and implemented which
support
a scalable architecture that can provide high quality
visualization
across multiple applications. The system will be designed to
allow
a low-cost multiprocessor implementation.
Numerous application developers, including those at NASA and its
subcontractors, need off-the-shelf high speed rendering solutions
for their CAD, spacecraft design, optimized payload placement,
terrain modeling, and virtual environment applications. Spotlight
Graphics will provide these for the MicroStation(tm) CAD product.
Rendering, Ray tracing, parallel processing
Project Title:
MERLIN Components for Real-Time, Fault-Tolerant, Distributed
SYSTRAN Corporation
4126 Linden Ave.
Dayton, OH 45432-3068
93-1-07 03 5601
MERLIN Components for Real-Time, Fault-Tolerant, Distributed
Computing
Abstract:
SYSTRAN proposes research into a new approach to very high-speed,
heterogenous computer interconnection environments. This
memory-based interconnection system would be able to provide
extremely high-performance in distributed multicomputer
environments which are directly applicable to the National
Critical Technologies Information and Communications subtopic:
'high-performance computing and networking.' While other
fast-link interconnection systems remain burdened by protocol
overhead, MERLIN (MEmory Routed, Logical Interconnection Network)
achieves rapid response and reconfiguration through memory-based
interconnections. The memory-based approach discussed in this
proposal achieves its very high performance by absolutely
minimizing the overhead due to protocol handling and by
permitting a two-level overlap of computation and communication.
This technique will provide optimal performance for intertask
communication in distributed multicomputer systems, particularly
where real-time or parallel computing capability is required.
The MERLIN concept provides a basis for the Single Processor
Interface (SPI) and Non-Blocking Crossbar (NBC) switch to be
specified in Phase I and demonstrated in Phase II. SYSTRAN sees a
viable market potential (in Phase III) for both the NBC and the
SPI components.
SYSTRAN will team with AT&T, contractor to Sandia National
Laboratories, for both Phases I and II.
The proposed system presents a uniform programming paradigm which
is consistent with current languages and programming techniques
and is also extremely efficient, adding no overhead and
supporting real-time operations and/or communication capability.
The memory-based programming approach operates independently of
the details of the overall system, easily supporting a network of
multiple sensors, processors, and effectors. Thus software
designed in this environment would continue to operate
efficiently on future systems, even if they utilized completely
different processors, interconnect topologies, switching
mechanisms, or communication links.
MERLIN, Distributed Backplanes, Non-Blocking Crossbar (NBC),
Single Processor Interface (SPI), Real-Time Communication,
Shared-Memory Networks (SMN)
Project Title:
Visual Environmental Modeling and Analysis Tool (VEMAT)
SETS Technology, Inc.
300 Kahelu Avenue, Suite 10
Mililani, HI 96789
93-1 07.04 5262 Amount Requested $69,989
Visual Environmental Modeling and Analysis Tool (VEMAT)
Abstract:
This proposal is to develop an innovative link between remote
sensing, expert systems, and geographic information system
technologies to environmental models. The Visual Environment
Modeling and Analysis Tool (VEMAT) integrates 1) an image analysis
expert system, 2) a geographic information system, and 3)
environmental models. VEMAT will increase the exploitation
potential of environmental modeling by providing an effective, user
friendly means to manage land and water resources, and assess
environmental risks and impacts. A visually integrated analysis
environment will permit more effective manipulation, storage, and
analysis of the voluminous data sets produced by NASA and EPA.
Commercial opportunities include visual interactive and near-real-
time environmental modeling and monitoring for the environmental
industry, developers, and state and local government planning and
regulatory agencies.
Commercial opportunities include visual interactive and near-real-
time environmental modeling and monitoring for the environmental
industry, developers, and state and local government planning and
regulatory agencies.
Environmental Modeling, Visual, Interactive, VEMAT, GIS HIPS,
Data Structure, Object Oriented
Project Title:
Knowledge-based Contour Map Recognition (KCMR)
Elcee Computek, Inc.
500 N.E. Spanish River Drive, Suite 105-D
Boca Raton, Florida 33431
93-1 07.05 8061 Amount Requested $69,102.59
Knowledge-based Contour Map Recognition (KCMR)
Abstract:
Elcee Computek, Inc. proposes a novel approach to develop a contour
map recognition software application program. This application
entails the design and implementation of a automated contour map
conversion software program called Knowledge-based Contour Map
Recognition (KCMR). The proposed system will take advantage of
state-of-the-art image processing methods to (1) extract texts,
symbols and then curves from images of contour line drawings, and
to (2) identify and validate objects suitable for contour maps,
based on prevailing knowledge.
Phase I will identify the requirements to achieve the automated
contour map object recognition algorithm and will demonstrate the
procedure with a sample model/drawing. It will include the
detailed study of candidate techniques and the specification of a
proposed system architecture, adaptation and refinement of known
methods, and the delivery of, a prototype software system. The
KCMR Phase I prototype will utilize modem Graphical User Interface
methods to provide a coherent and easy-to-use environment, complete
with pull-down menus. Phase II refine the prototype's
capabilities. This easy to use tool will provide for the
transparent conversion of bitmapped data files into their
equivalent GIS/CAD vector object database consistent with the
Spatial Data Transfer Standard's (A K.A. FIPS 173) Conceptual Model
of Spatial Data.
Map Conversion activities continue to be the single greatest
expense in GIS/CAD and AM/FM implementation. With an economical
data conversion process, PC-DeskTop Mapping/Analysis will evolve
into a fundamental economic/marketing decision making tool of the
future. The technology has implications as well in Education and
Form Processing (i.e. Tax forms, Accounting, Insurance, Banking,
etc.)
Vectorization; Expert Systems; Automated Cartography; Geographic
Information Systems; Text/Graphics Separation
Project Title:
Memory Extension (ME) System for Context Based Associative
Analysis and Simulation, Inc.
172 Holtz Road
Buffalo, New York 14225
93-1-
Memory Extension (ME) System for Context Based Associative
Information Retrieval
Abstract:
This effort will apply an innovative context-sensitive
spreading-activation measure to compute relevance measures to
rank information objects. It will also use psychometrically
measured preference functions to update both query
characterizations and information object characterizations. Phase
I will demonstrate the ability of spreading-activation to rank
objects available for retrieval and reflect psychometrically
measured preference functions of the query submitted on a UNIX
workstation. Phase II will extend them to wide-area information
server (WAIS) architectures using the ANSI Z-39.50 protocol and
to multimedia objects including audio, video, photographs or any
other data relevant to a stated request. The resulting
information retrieval system will be capable of extending mental
models NASA scientists and engineers have of their information
needs to distributed heterogeneous data in WAIS databases and
other data sources, such as those associated with the CERN World
Wide Web project. This will include usage-based dynamic updating
of the weighted association network used to find and rank
information available for retrieval.
Include Memory Extension (ME) systems (applications) for UNIX,
MS-Windows, and Macintosh work-stations connected to networks,
such as the Internet. Daemons that would reside on remote systems
to support spreading-activation searches and associated
characterization network link weight updates. Value-added
products for improving searches by users of commercial
information services, such as Dialog and CompuServe, are also
possibilities, along with more effective library search systems.
Information Retrieval Spreading Activitation Memory Context
Ranked Software
Project Title:
Heterogeneous Data Management on Large Networks
WAIS Inc.
1040 Noel Drive
Menlo Park, CA 94025
93-1-07 06 9247
Heterogeneous Data Management on Large Networks
Abstract:
We propose an information retrieval product for networked
information systems using a new technique called "reference based
retrieval" (RBR). The product is a smarter server/navigator for
selecting the most appropriate objects for a user by using
adaptive techniques using feedback from the users. By using the
reactions of users, a wide feature space of matching can be
consulted to achieve optimal results. This product is appropriate
to the subtopic because it makes heterogeneous collections of
data that are distributed over large networks manageable by
giving users a powerful tool to find the best objects as defined
by that user. Only with this type of tool will the large
quantities of information in multiple formats be effectively
ranked individually for a user. The product would extend the
usefulness of Z39.50 standard and be part of the Wide Area
Information Server (WAIS) architecture to allow maximum
utilization of the tool.
Enhanced server software product that will greatly extend the
usefulness of information retrieval. Thus making all sorts of
images and other data objects easily accessible. Networked
information searching tool for use on large networks. This
product will address some of the weaknesses of current products
in dealing with large heterogeneous networks.
Information retrieval, computer networks, database, adaptive
technology
Project Title:
Advanced Computer Interface to the Human Abilities of Vision and
Nova Management, Inc.
515 Granite Street
Pacific Grove, CA 93950
93-1-07 07 1056
Advanced Computer Interface to the Human Abilities of Vision and
Perception
Abstract:
Nova Management will demonstrate innovation by applying state of
the art technology to interface computers to the human abilities
of vision and perception. The demonstration, made possible
through special arrangements with Kubota Pacific, will integrate
interactive visualization and manipulation of science data and
models to display complex multidimensional, multivariate data
types. Demonstration of scientific visualization as an
investigative paradigm that can be applied to a wide variety of
problems is the objective of the Phase I effort. The integrated
demonstration for this exploratory development project will
feature application of visualization technology to the problems
of remote sensing and multi-spectral imagery display, spatial
data management and geographic information systems, joint
surveillance data fusion, military operations animation, and
three dimensional modeling of virtual terrestial environments.
Nova Management achieves these innovations via a rapid
development methodology and by leveraging on the Kubota hardware
and software functionality. This technology combines graphic
methods in new ways for clearer visualization, visualization of
more data at a time, visualization of more independent and
dependent variables, visualization on the "fly". In short, this
technology guarantees implementation of all Phase I
demonstrations and offers scaleable solutions to a wide variety
of Phase II system options.
Scientific visualization and interactive three dimentional
animation has application in almost every aspect of engineering
and R&D departments in manufacturing companies, government and
unversity research labs, chemical companies, petroleum
exploration firms, medical institutions and equipment
manufacturers, and film animation companies.
Visualization, Animation, 3D Virtual Environments, GIS,
Multi-spectral Imagery
Project Title:
Terrain Analysis and Visualization Workstation
Telesis
706 8th Street, Box 1126
Berthoud, CO 80513
93-1-07 07 3064
Terrain Analysis and Visualization Workstation
Abstract:
The Terrain Analysis and Visualization Workstation will extract
terrain height information from multi-sensor imagery, produce a
co-registered set of orthorectified images, and fuse the imagery
with existing hydrological, transportation, and land-use
datasets.
The resulting data will be presented to the user through a coherent
set of 3-dimensional visualization, manipulation, and measurement
tools. An important innovation in the workstation is the
representation of sensor models and sensor trajectories by an
object-oriented class library. Use of this class library and the
associated photogrammetric "methods" that are defined on the object
classes will provide a mechanism for supporting additional sensors
that are available in the future. It will also allow the user to
visually simulate the observations from imaging instruments through
the interactive modification of sensor types, flight paths, and
platform orientation.
The workstation will be a source of orthorectified imagery for
GIS users in the private sector and all levels of government. It
will be useful to the military as a tool for producing image maps
from multi-sensor imagery. Such maps can be made cheaply and with
a rapid turn-around time.
terrain, analysis, orthorectification, sensor-model, stereo,
visualization
Project Title:
A Practical Electronic Holographic System for Data Capture,
Physical Optics Corporation
Research and Development Division
20600 Gramercy Place, Suite 103
Torrance, California 90501
93-1-07 08 1416
A Practical Electronic Holographic System for Data Capture,
Storage and Display
Abstract:
Current techniques for video image data storage and display rely
on the use of purely electronic systems. These data, however, are
in a 2-D format and cannot be used to construct real 3-D images.
NASA has stated a need for electronic methods and equipment to
capture and store digital 3-D data in a holographic format. This
equipment should then be able to reconstruct the hologram and
project it as a 3-D image. In response to this need, Physical
Optics Corporation (POC) proposes to develop an innovative
electronic holographic data capture, storage, and display system.
There are two major innovations involved in this system: 1) A
real-time fast switching optical sensor medium with an efficient
high resolution holographic electronic data transfer panel for
both holographic recording and reconstruction, and 2) a time
sequential approach with optical interconnect routing to convert
high resolution (optical) data to a digital form. The system will
consist of a single high resolution CCD camera, a standard
personal computer, and a data storage system. The Phase I program
will provide a preliminary system design, and a proof-of-concept
prototype.
Due to its real-time electronic 3-D data capture, storage, and
display capability, POC's proposed electronic holographic system
will find a very wide range of applications in space, military,
and commercial sectors. Near term applications include
surveillance, training, simulation, molecular modeling,
telerobotics, industrial inspection, CAD, and medical imaging.
Real-Time Electronic Hologram, 3-D Data Capture, Display
Project Title:
A Real-Time Image compression System for Use in Autonomous
Q-DOT Photonics, Inc.
2864 South Circle Drive, Suite 900
Colorado Springs, CO 80906
93-1-07 09 7803
A Real-Time Image compression System for Use in Autonomous
Navigation
Abstract:
High compression ratios possible through wavelet transforms offer
the potential for realtime image transmission over narrow-band
data channels. This type of transmission capability would allow
for low-power image transmission using existing communication
hardware. Q-DOT proposes a real-time image compression system
based upon optically based wavelet decomposition. Optical
processing allows for massively parallel processing of the image
data. A novel electro-optic spatial light modulator is used to
preprocess the image by programmably correlating the input image
with a wavelet basis set. The image compression system is
programmable allowing the wavelet basis (resolution set) to be
optimally selected based upon the operating scenario. The system
proposed is independent of the type of image data and is
therefore compatible with a variety of image types including
LADAR, conventional visible light, infrared and even RADAR data.
The Phase I objective is to analyze the technical feasibility of
the proposed image compression system including prototyping an
electro-optical modulator cell which is key to the compression
concept. The experimental and theoretical data gathered during
Phase I will provide the foundation needed for a Phase II
development effort.
The proposed system has applications in medical imaging where it
is desirable to isolate features of particular size or texture
(wavelet decomposition). This type of feature enhancement is used
in mammographic cancer detection, bone fracture identification,
and osteoporosis studies. Other application exist in the area of
multimedia communications including teleconferencing and High
Definition Television (HDTV) where the ability to rapidly
compress and decompress images for narrow band transmission is of
great interest.
Wavelet, image-compression, imaging, transform, real-time,
electro-optic.
Project Title:
Low Power, Real Time Image Encoder Based on Vector Quantization
NanoSystem Design
730 Sycamore Ave.
San Bruno, CA 94066-3320
93-1-07 09 8489
Low Power, Real Time Image Encoder Based on Vector Quantization
Abstract:
We propose to develop a low power image encoder based on vector
quantization and active-pixel-sensor technology for real-time
video, data compression. The hardware incorporates a novel
pipelined architecture with intraframe and interframe block
codings for significant bit-rate reduction and low-power
operation. The intraframe coder utilizes vector quantization (VQ)
for a low-loss video compression at 0.5 bit/pixel rate. The
interframe coder employs an adaptive index replenishment scheme
for further bit-rate reduction. Two candidate VQ architectures
are proposed: (1) a full search VQ for a fully parallel, analog
implementation with very low power dissipation and low chip
count; (2) a tree search VQ for a pipelined, digital
implementation with high configurability and low power operation.
Active pixel sensor (APS) technology will be used to produce a
low power, high resolution imager with on-chip pixel block
formatting capability. In Phase 1, we optimize VQ architectures,
perform preliminary design of an image encoder based on the
selected VQ architecture, and develop APS devices for a Phase 2
hardware prototype development and demonstration.
Videophony, teleconferencing, digital video recording, video LAN
and personal computer multimedia, special image compression
hardware and software for space mission data transmissions.
Image encoder, vector quantization, image data compression,
active pixel sensor
Project Title:
Odyssey Research Associates, Inc.
301 Dates Drive
Ithaca, NY 14850-1326
93-1-07 10 2020
VHDL Lightweight Tools
Abstract:
We propose to build a set of mathematically-based semantic
analysis tools for VHLD. These lightweight tools will meet the
following goals:
1. They advance the state of the art in static analysis of VHDL
designs.
2. They can, and will, be used by ordinary VHDL designers.
3. They are integrated with the other VHDL design practices -- in
particular, with tools for simulation and synthesis.
Phase 1 will develop a basis for semantic analysis of VHDL
programs by developing a VHDL Semantic Analysis Interface. In
addition, prototypes for the actual lightweight tools will be
designed and implemented. Phase II will address the development
of a suite of commercially viable lightweight tools for VHDL and
their integration into VHDL CAD environments.
VHDL lightweight tools will provide a commercially viable method
by which hardware designers can gain greater confidence in the
correctness of their design using formal methods techniques.
VHDL, formal methods, design verification, hardware verification
Project Title:
DRS - Derivational Reasoning System, A Digital Design Derivation
Derivation Systems, Inc.
1800 East Maxwell Lane
Bloomington, IN 47401
93-1-07 10 2903
DRS - Derivational Reasoning System, A Digital Design Derivation
System for Hardware Synthesis.
Abstract:
The promise of formal methods to eliminate design errors in
safety critical systems is realizable, however, much of the
technology remains academic or removed from current engineering
practice. At Derivation Systems, Inc. we believe that in over for
formal methods to reach their full potential, a formal design
tool must support the generative and deductive aspects of design.
We also believe that for a formal design tool to be practical, it
must integrate with existing logic synthesis tools to generate
hardware realizations. We propose the development of DRS
(Derivational Reasoning System), a design tool which reflects a
formal approach to digital design founded in derivational
reasoning. The significance of the innovation is the development
of a design tool which integrates derivation with existing
verification and logic synthesis tools in a unified framework.
This will allow designers to construct correct hardware from high
level abstract specifications.
In terms of NASA's objectives, we believe our methodology would
be naturally applied to key components of fault tolerant
architectures. We see our methods as being applied to such
architectures as the RCP(Reliable Computing Platform) and FTPP
components. We see the greatest commercial potential for DRS in
the low-volume ASIC design market. Our system will increase
reliability and shorten the design cycle for these high cost
devices. These devices range from simple controllers to key
components of fault-tolerant architectures.
Derivation, Verification, Hardware Synthesis, FM9001
Project Title:
Pulsed Laser for Topographic Measurements
Cygnus Laser Corporation
P.O. Box 1730
Duvall, WA 98019-1730
93-1-08 01 5862
Pulsed Laser for Topographic Measurements
Abstract:
Cygnus Laser proposes to develop an efficient, short pulse,
scalable, diode bar side pumped, solid state laser ideal for
topographic measurements from airborne or space based platforms.
This laser will achieve the high gain required to obtain short
Q-switched pulses by using a side pumped slab geometry, with
multi-bounce extraction. Fast risetime electro-optic Q-switching
will be used with a very short cavity to minimize the pulsewidth.
A novel resonator will be employed that will result in single
transverse mode operation with a large spot size in a very short
resonator. This innovation will have a significant impact on many
pulsed laser applications where wall plug efficiency, beam
quality and stability are of utmost importance.
This laser will be useful as an environmental sensor for lidar
systems, as a scientific instrument as a pump source for non
linear optic conversion, and as a source of UV light for
materials processing.
lidar laser short pulse diode pumped
Project Title:
CCD STELLAR ATTITUDE SENSOR SYSTEM FOR SPACECRAFT
PhotoMetrics, Inc.
4 Arrow Drive
Woburn, MA 01801-2067
93-1-08.01-6500
CCD STELLAR ATTITUDE SENSOR SYSTEM FOR SPACECRAFT
Abstract:
The objective of the proposed program i to develop an improved
compact celestial attitude sensor system to meet the advanced
needs of space-based laser altimetry techniques for earth, lunar
and planetary mapping missions. The system will also be used (and
tested) in support of topographic measurements of the earth from
NASA's high altitude aircraft which incorporate autonomous laser
altimetry. Sub arc second measurement of a spacecraft's attitude
will be accomplished in near real time through use of a star
tracker which utilizes a CCD array sensor and array processing
techniques to locate and identify 10 to 20 stars per image. A
unique parameterization and error minimization for multi-star
celestial attitude determination will provide for increased
attitude precision compared to present star trackers. The
algorithm will also be self-correcting for temperature related
changes in the star sensor system (primarily focal length
changes) and provide correction for residual distortions in the
optical system. The final system will provide a compact, rugged,
cost-effective solution to spacecraft and aircraft laser
altimeter attitude determination.
In addition to the NASA market, a large market exists for
international sales of a cost-effective, high precision stellar
attitude sensor to countries with active space science programs
such as members of the European Space Agency, Japan and the
former Soviet Union. A large percentage of earth orbiting
science experiments and nearly all planetary exploration payloads
rely on star-based attitude determination.
Star tracker, Star sensor, Spacecraft attitude, CCD sensor, Image
processing
Project Title:
System Analysis, Scanner Development, and Flight Testing of a
Coherent Technologies, Inc.
P. O. Box 7488
Boulder, CO 80306-7488
93-1 08.02 8736 Amount Requested $69,905
System Analysis, Scanner Development, and Flight Testing of a
Solid-State Lidar for Monitoring Turbulent Air Motion
Abstract:
Under a prior NASA Phase I, an analysis of a pulsed, 2 um solid-
state lidar system has been carried out to evaluate its potential
for precision wind velocity measurements. A preliminary design has
been specified for an airborne instrument. The proposed second
phase of that study is intended to develop and test an appropriate
long coherence time-pulsed transceiver. The program proposed
herein will develop scanning and real-time signal processing
components to be used with this transceiver and will carry out a
flight demonstration of the integrated system. A capability to
make measurements of atmospheric wind profiles off the aircraft
track will be incorporated. The overall instrument is to be
developed with the particular goal of making highly precise
measurement of the ambient wind vector along the track of a
research aircraft. This data will be coupled to simultaneous on-
board measurements of species density so that estimates of the
turbulent fluxes and growth/decay rates of various species in the
planetary biosphere can be monitored. Additional application areas
include: detection and monitoring of large high altitude wind
velocity turbulence that can cause 'unstart' in supersonic
aircraft; provide precision airdata autopilot input; and short-
range windshear monitoring for commercial airliner wake vortex
encounters.
The measurement capability to be developed in this study has three
primary areas where commercial potential has been identified.
These areas include: flight control and gust alleviation for both
military and high speed commercial aircraft; detection and
measurement of clear-air turbulence at high altitudes; and wake
vortex encounter alleviation. Automated aircraft flight control,
aviation safety, and air traffic control constitutes three areas of
active marketing and market potential both in the U.S. and abroad,
particularly in France and Germany.
lidar, coherent detection, vector, wind, solid-state
Project Title:
High-Energy, Eyesafe Lidar for Long-range, High-resolution Aerosol
Schwartz Electro-Optics, Inc./Research Division
45 Winthrop Street
Concord, MA 01742
93-1 08.03 2299 AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,932
High-Energy, Eyesafe Lidar for Long-range, High-resolution Aerosol
Detection
Abstract:
We have shown in recent laboratory experiments that the fortuitous
nonlinear properties of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP),
exploited in innovative optical pararnetric oscillator (OPO)
designs, can provide an eyesafe laser source that is unusually
simple, compact, efficient and reliable. In addition, this laser
design can produce high-energy pulses (0.1-1 J), short-duration
pulses (<10 ns) and output in a good atmospheric transmission
window (1500-1600 mm), all features that are important for the
aerosol and cloud detection application, which we are addressing
here. In this proposal we describe the recent experiments that
support these claims, a plan for further laser development and a
plan for subsequent field verification tests using a prototype
lidar system that would be constructed during the Phase I project.
In the proposed effort we would investigate means for
improving/optimizing the intracavity OPO (IOPO) design that has
recently been tested in our laboratory through a combination of
experimental and computer-modeling work. In addition, we would
explore the potential of available KTP isomorphs as alternative OPO
media, construct a breadboard laser for field tests and carry out
some aerosol detection tests at the University of South Florida
(USF).
There are a number of possible commercial applications, made
especially relevant by the eyesafe operating wavelength, including
(1 ) lidar systems for helicopters, to be used to provide warning
of objects in the flight and/or rotor pull and (2) range-gated
illumination systems for aircraft in general, for viewing through
fog. Another application could be in the area of long-range
machine vision, for automated systems requiring sensors to operate
at long distances. In the area of environmental monitoring this
eyesafe lidar could provide low-cost, reliable monitoring of
aerosols as one means of monitoring air-quality in populated areas
lidar, aerosols, eyesafe laser, optical parametric oscillator
Project Title:
Active Calibrator for TRMM Rain Radar
Center for Remote Sensing
8260 Greensboro Drive, Suite 328
McLean, VA 22102
93-1-08 04 0800B
Active Calibrator for TRMM Rain Radar
Abstract:
We propose to design a state-of-the-art active radar calibrator
which will be used for absolute calibration of the TRMM Rain
Radar. During Phase I, we investigate several architectures and
perform design evaluations with the ultimate objective of
designing an improved radar calibrator with unprecedented
accuracy and stability, yet optimized for cost and complexity.
The active calibrator will be optimized for cost, weight,
reliability, stability, gain, sidelobe, cross polarization, etc.
The absolute accuracy should be much better then 1 dB. We shall
investigate the limiting factors in attaining gain stability of
0.1 dB or so. Critical technology requirements will be identified
and finally we shall perform a complete design for the optimized
candidate. The design will include Receiving and Transmitting
antennas, active transponder and complete configuration including
Radome and housing. Based on the design and performance
estimates, we shall construct a prototype unit and test it during
Phase II. We propose to undertake the manufacture and field
deployment of such units during and beyond Phase II.
The calibrator will be designed for TRMM Rain Radar and will
have immediate application in several countries involved with
TRMM. There is large-scale interest by various agencies (NASA,
ESA, and DOD agencies) for superior active radar calibrators.
Various applications also exist for the subsystems, such as
antennas, stable amplifiers, etc.
Calibrators, Active Calibrators, Active Radar Calibrator,
Extremely Stable Amplifier, High Stability Amplifier.
Project Title:
Optical Parametric Oscillator for Airborne LIDAR
OPOTEK Inc.
434 Santa Cecelia
Solana Beach, CA 92075
93-1-08 05 0427
Optical Parametric Oscillator for Airborne LIDAR
Abstract:
Present DIAL systems are limited in range, some require excessive
maintenance, and all are limited as to the number and variety of
gases that they can interrogate and diagnose. We propose to
design and build a versatile, single laser transmitter system
that will serve to monitor all the gases and aerosols within
NASA's atmospheric monitoring missions. The proposed integrated
system will incorporate a single laser to pump one or more
Optical Parametric Oscillator (OPO) modules, and will be tuned to
match the absorption lines of any of the gases of interest. The
system will be based on a novel design of an OPO, which will
allow it to meet and exceed the requirements of the LIDAR
application. By incorporating the new transmitter, in new or
existing NASA DIAL systems, the overall system performance will
improve and the maintenance will be significantly reduced.
Medical Application: Photodynamic Therapy of cancer and benign
diseases Dermatology. Removal of pigmented lesions
Remote Sensing: Pollution Monitoring. Drug manufacturing
by-products R&D For diagnostics and chemical processing
OPO, Lasers, Remote Sensing
Project Title:
Self Injection Locked Narrow Line Laser
Cygnus Laser Corporation
P.O.Box 1730
Duvall, WA 98019
93-1-08 05 5862
Self Injection Locked Narrow Line Laser
Abstract:
Cygnus Laser proposes to develop a narrow linewidth laser source
ideal for use in airborne lidar atmospheric studies. This laser
will provide higher output energies than existing systems
directly from a single flashlamp pumped oscillator, yet will
have suitable spectral linewidth and stability for lidar. The
tuning range will be from 800 nm to 960 nm, covering the ranges
required for water vapor lidar. When the third harmonic of the
laser output operating from 850 nm - 930 nm is generated,
atmospheric ozone can be sensed. All wavelengths and linewidth
specifications without the use of separate diode injection
seeders. In the commercial marketplace, this laser would be a
direct replacement for the doubled Nd:YAG pumped Titanium
Sapphire laser, with a significantly lower overall cost.
This laser will be useful as a environmental sensor for lidar
systems, as a scientific instrument as a source for inexpensive
UV light for materials processing.
lidar laser tunable lamp pumped
Project Title:
Wide Dynamic Range Airborne Water Vapor Sensor (7114-120)
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077
93-1-08 06 0003
Wide Dynamic Range Airborne Water Vapor Sensor (7114-120)
Abstract:
Physical Sciences Inc. proposes to demonstrate a flight
qualifiable, wide dynamic range sensor for water vapor
concentration measurements in the troposphere. The sensor is
based on absorption measurements using a room temperature,
tunable InGaAsP diode laser and a unique noise canceling detector
system. The noise canceling detector permits near shot-noise
limited absorption measurements without frequency modulation
techniques, resulting in a simpler, less expensive, lighter
weight, and easier to use instrument compared to frequency
modulation (FM) techniques. Signal dynamic range in excess of 10
will be achieved using selected pairs of absorption transitions.
The Phase I portion of the program will demonstrate quantitative
absorption measurements of H20 vapor over the temperature range
190 K to 313 K in a pressure-controlled cryogenic environment
chamber.
The proposed instrument has wide commercial application beyond
atmospheric monitoring. PSI anticipates incorporating it into a
product line of diode laser-based, continuous monitoring devices
under development for emissions monitoring in the utility boiler
industry. Other applications include propulsion system monitoring
and general environmental monitoring.
H2O, Diode Laser Absorption, Low-Noise Absorption, Flight
Instrumentation
Project Title:
A Diode Laser Airborne Hygrometer
Southwest Sciences, Inc.
1570 Pacheco St., Suite E-ll
Santa Fe, NM 87501
93-1-08 06 1322
A Diode Laser Airborne Hygrometer
Abstract:
Southwest Sciences proposes the development of a
diode-laser-based hygrometer for atmospheric studies. The
instrument dynamic range will span dew (frost) points of +40ø C
down to -90ø C and will be suitable for in situ measurements
throughout the troposphere and tropopause. Response times will be
1 second, or less. The planned instrument detects absolute water
vapor concentrations using optical spectroscopy with a
custom-fabricated InGaAsP diode laser operating at 1393 nm.
Optical absorbance measurements are made using high frequency
wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) which, we anticipate,
will be capable of minimum detectable absorbances of 1 x 10-5
providing a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 for the lowest water
concentrations. Fiber optics will "pipe" the light from the laser
to the measurement point thereby eliminating unwanted absorbance
due to water vapor outside of the actual measurement path. The
Phase I experiments are expected to demonstrate the feasibility
of the diode-laser-based system for detecting water vapor
accurately and rapidly over a nearly million-fold range of
concentrations. The Phase II program will culminate in the
delivery of a fully-automated hygrometer for airborne studies.
Reliable, inexpensive airborne humidity sensors have commercial
potential for aircraft icing indicators and local weather
forecasting. Our trace gas detection methods also can be adapted
to a wide variety of other gases. Applications include continuous
monitoring of chemical processes, open path monitoring of toxics,
and on-line purity determination of process gases.
diode laser, water vapor, hygrometer
Project Title:
Advanced SiC Pointing and Stabilization Mirror Assembly for GEO
SSG, Inc.
150 Bear Hill Road
Waltham, MA 02154
93-1 08.07 0204 Amount Requested $69,690.00
Advanced SiC Pointing and Stabilization Mirror Assembly for GEO
Mission
Abstract:
High spatial resolution imagery from geo-stationary orbit places
uncompromising demands on spacecraft stabilization and optical
system thermal stability. GEO requires + 8.80 pointing FOR, 1.25
urad IFOV (10's of urad accuracy) and < 1 urad (rms) jitter at ~ 10
Hz rate. Prior solutions have combined complex and costly
ACS/IMU/Stellar control of spacecraft jitter with detector
oversampling and image motion compensation (IMC). The problem is
heightened for limited weight MicroSpacecraft sensors with
increased excitation bandwidth and lack of on-board control
capability. Ultra-lightweight, thermally stable silicon carbide
optics and advanced servo control systems permit large aperture
pointing and high precision stabilization in one lightweight
assembly. The core innovation of combining these technologies
removes the tight slewing and jitter requirements from the
spacecraft and IMC from the ground station; complexity, weight and
cost are dramatically reduced. This program will develop a 0.5m
aperture, high precision SiC pointing and stabilization mirror
assembly including servo control electronics. Phase I will provide
the conceptual design and analysis of a prototype unit and a
hardware demonstration of an advanced 6" x 9" SiC mirror in an
existing 2 urad pointing system. The closed back SiC mirror,
replacing a beryllium mirror, has superior thermal stability,
stiffness and strength. Phase II will provide the development and
test of a flight qualifiable advanced pointing assembly for GEO; a
wide range of micro-spacecraft such as Quick LAWS and commercial
remote sensors and imagers are supported.
A wide range of future commercial remote sensing missions require
high angular performance (large aperture) and precise pointing and
jitter control at affordable cost; e.g., advanced LANDSAT, GOES.
The proposed SiC P&S development could revolutionize
optical/pointer systems to permit the integration of sophisticated,
large aperture sensors onto low-cost launch vehicles (e.g., Micro-
Spacecraft, PEGASUS, TAURUS) with vastly improved jitter control
and precision pointing.
Pointing, stabilization, mirror silicon carbide, jitter, space
Project Title:
FURLABLE MICROWAVE ANTENNA REFLECTOR
COMPOSITE OPTICS, INCORPORATED
9617 DISTRIBUTION AVENUE
SAN DIEGO, CA 92121
93-1-08 07 6000
FURLABLE MICROWAVE ANTENNA REFLECTOR
Abstract:
This proposal addresses technical issues associated with the
development of a large aperture, accurate, furlable, microwave
antenna reflector. Our proposed innovation involves the use of a
thin membrane of graphite fiber-reinforced epoxy (GFRE), cured
into the desired parabolic surface for the microwave reflective
surface. In the stowed (furled) configuration, this membrane is
rolled to a compact package, then restrained. This compaction
allows a large aperture reflector to be launched by current
vehicles with limited payload volumes. Once the reflector is in
the desired orbit, the restraint system is released and the
membrane reflector unrolls on its own according to the as-cured
parabolic shape. This innovation offers a combination of
advantages which other options such as wrapped rib/mesh, umbrella
mesh, and segmented pedals do not. The furlable concept offers
the potential for excellent surface accuracy, making it suitable
for high-frequency use. This concept is also electrically
continuous, further enhancing its suitability, and has a simple
mechanical design, requiring no complex mechanims, nor their
associated reliability problems during deployment.
PRIMARY COMMERICAL APPLICATION IS FOR ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS
SATELLITES.
MICROWAVE ANTENNA REFLECTOR, LARGE APERTURE, MEMBRANE,
DEPLOYABLE,
Project Title:
Large Aperture, Thermally Stable, Narrowband Optical Interference
Barr Associates, Inc.
2 Lyberty Way
Westford, MA 01886
93-1 08.07 7513 Amount Requested $68,650
Large Aperture, Thermally Stable, Narrowband Optical Interference
Filter
Abstract:
Performance of present and planned space-borne remote sensing
instruments could be significantly improved by the incorporation of
thermally stable optical coatings. We propose to investigate the
use of ion-assisted deposition (IAD) in the fabrication of large
area narrowband interference filters which are uniform to within 2
Angstroms. Issues such as effect of the ion beam on uniformity, in
situ measurement of uniformity, and control of the key parameters
will be addressed.
The proposed project will have a very strong impact on both
government and private sector commercial applications for two
reasons: (1) long life, thermally stable, large aperture optical
filters will be available for the first time, and (2) a reduction
in cost for smaller aperture, durable filters will be realized as
the usable area is increased in a given run.
Interference filters, large aperture optics, thermally stable
coatings, space-borne optics
Project Title:
A Satellite-Based Active Radiometer Precipitation Sensor
A.P.T., Incorporated
P.O. Box 1925
Socorro, NM 87801
93-1-08 07 9258
A Satellite-Based Active Radiometer Precipitation Sensor
Abstract:
The specific proposed innovation is the use of an active
radiometer in place of conventional radar techniques for
measuring rainfall over the earth's surface from satellite
platforms. This technique provides a substantial savings in data
acquisition time that can be used to increase the scan rate and
to improve the spatial resolution (i.e. reduce the footprint) of
the measurements. This will provide a more accurate rain
measurement because of increased filling of the antenna beam and
will also enable measurements of rainfall closer to the ground.
The objective of the project is to generate several optimal
designs which meet different sensing requirements, and to compare
the designs with that for the Precipitation Radar of the planned
Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM). A prototype sensor
is to be constructed during Phase II of the project for testing
on a high-altitude aircraft above storms. We anticipate that the
sensor will improve the quality of the observations obtained and
lead to improved rainfall estimates from future NASA satellites.
Enable NASA to provide accurate rainfall data, on a national or
global scale to U.S. and foreign governments and/or private
enterprises, or, alternatively, enable the development of
commercial satellite operations for this purpose. Development of
rapid-scanning ground-based surveillance radars for use in the
vicinity of airports or ships at sea.
Radiometer, Radar, Rainfall, Precipitation, Sensor,
Thunderstorms,
Clouds
Project Title:
Lightweight Ozone Photometer for Balloons and Unmanned Aircraft
Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810-1077
93-1 08.08 0003 Amount Requested $70,000
Lightweight Ozone Photometer for Balloons and Unmanned Aircraft
(7114-09)
Abstract:
Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) proposes to design, build, and test a
laboratory pre-prototype of an optical absorption photometer for
balloon-borne and unmanned aircraft sounding of the stratosphere
and troposphere. The device will use short-path UV absorption and
high-precision signal processing circuitry to enable high-
sensitivity, absolute determinations of ozone concentrations from
the ground to 40 km. Laboratory tests in Phase I will evaluate the
instrument sensitivity and operating characteristics for reduced
optical path and three alternative noise-canceling signal
processing concepts. The end result of Phase I will be a working
design of a prototype flight instrument to be built and flown in
Phase II.
The optical absorption photometer has commercial applications for
worldwide atmospheric monitoring networks. The instrument is
applicable to airborne stratospheric monitoring and satellite
validation, as well as to tropospheric ozone monitoring and
climatology research.
Ozone, stratosphere, troposphere, UV absorption, atmospheric
sounding, remote sensing, airborne measurements
Project Title:
OMNIFLUOR, An Advanced Portable Spectrofluorometer
MODUSPEC COMPANY
83 BOSTON POST RD
SUDBURY. MA 0117
93-1-08 08 0877
OMNIFLUOR, An Advanced Portable Spectrofluorometer
Abstract:
OMNIFLUOR is a PORTABLE spectrofluorometer that would identify
and measure, in situ, petrochemical contaminants within soils,
alluvium colluvium and other rock materials. The analyzer accepts
interchangeable sampling modules that include a "spotter" module
that detects surface luminescence and a bifurcated fiber optic
contact probe. It requires no consumables or technical expertise,
and performs real-time analysis. It's computerized design
measures all the luminescent properties of a compound within
seconds by Multidimensional Luminescence (MDL). The MDL technique
confers specificity through pattern recognition of 400 data
values. It is implemented by having the analyzer rapidly measure
excitation wavelength effectiveness, emission spectral
characteristics, emission intensity, as well as lifetime and
polarization properties. Rapidly variable wavelength excitation
of luminescence is achieved by a pulsed Xenon-flash lamp, and an
array detector simultaneously measures all spectral emission
characteristics at each pulsed excitation wavelength. The Phase 1
effort is to "breadboard" an analyzer design, that would then be
constructed during Phase 2. The breadboard would test concepts,
allow optimization of design and prove feasibility. It would
provide information to be used in a pre-production prototype
analyzer. A prototype analyzer would be supplied to NASA for
their evaluation.
OMNIFLUOR is an Environmental Analyzer used to detect
petrochemical contamination in soil, rock, and other milieu. It
is not limited to this, however, since it is equivalent to a
sophisticated laboratory spectrofluorometer, and can perform all
that the former does in the field. It will find important
application in Remote Fiber Spectroscopy (RFS) using Fiber Optic
Chemical Sensors.
Environmental Analizer, Portable Spectroflourometer, FOCS, Oil
Contamination, Luminescence
Project Title:
WIND FIELD AND WIND SHEAR LIDAR COMBINING THE RM-CW AND EDGE
OPHIR Corporation
10184 West Belleview Avenue, Suite 200
Littleton, CO 80127
93-1 08.09 2200 Amount Requested $69,410
WIND FIELD AND WIND SHEAR LIDAR COMBINING THE RM-CW AND EDGE
TECHNIQUES
Abstract:
The proposed instrument combines random modulated continuous wave
lidar and edge detection Doppler lidar. This combination has the
potential for producing a wind and wind shear profiling lidar which
is optically simple enough to be routinely used in the field.
The lidar uses the recently developed high power master-oscillator
power-amplifier diode laser which can function for several thousand
hours without failure. Doppler frequency shifts are measured using
the incoherent edge technique which is tolerant of laser frequency
drift and laser speckle. These problems plague coherent Doppler
lidar.
OPHIR corporation has recently demonstrated reliable operation of
an airborne RM-CW lidar and is currently developing an airborne
edge detection Doppler lidar. Combining these two techniques has
the potential for providing a relatively simple solution to the
long standing problem of continuous monitoring for clear air
turbulence.
The proposed Phase I effort will further investigate the lidar
sensitivity and detection range. Instrumentation for processing
lidar data and maintaining alignment through computer control using
sensor feedback. This unique lidar combination is explicitly
requested in the SBIR solicitation subtopic for wind field and wind
shear measurement.
Commercial applications include clear air turbulence monitoring and
weather study instrumentation The proposed instrument has the
potential for long term minimally attended wind monitoring near
airports. This application would have considerable safety and
commercial dividends.
RM-CW Lidar, edge detection, Doppler, MOPA Diode Laser
Project Title:
Eye-Safe Pseudo-random Pulse Code cs Lidar for Atmospheric Wind
EOO, Incorporated
1412 Hamilton Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94301
93-1-08 09 2826
Eye-Safe Pseudo-random Pulse Code cs Lidar for Atmospheric Wind
Profile Measurement
Abstract:
A remote sensing, atmospheric lidar wind profiler is described
that has 1 m/s accuracy and 50 m resolution and is both eye-safe
and cost effective. Wind profiling by Doppler lidar has been
shown to be feasible, but commercially available systems that are
reliable, affordable, and suitable for automatic operation have
not yet been developed. This development consists of employing in
combination the edge filter-technique of Korb, Gentry and Weng
and the pseudo- random coding technique described by Rall,
Abshire and Manizade and by Takeuchi, et al. This work will
demonstrate that the two techniques can be used in combination if
the demodulated edge filter output is normalized with a
separately demodulated aerosol return. The objective of the work
is to validate the system concept and create an implementation
plan for an experimental field demonstration. System modeling and
experimental testing of critical components and subsystem
concepts is needed. The result of the work will be a baseline
design for a cw wind lidar system that meets all requirements.
The successful development of a cost effective wind profiler
lidar will result in significant numbers of such instruments
being manufactured for use in general and aviation specific
meteorological, and pollution transport applications.
General Meteorological Wind Measurement
Aviation Wind and Wind Shear Measurement
Site Perimeter Pollution Transport Measurement
Lidar; Doppler; Wind; cw Laser; Pseudo-random; Eye-safe.
Project Title:
Large Aperture Holographic Optics
RALCON CORP
BOX 142
PARADISE, UTAH 84328
93-1-08.09-4623
Large Aperture Holographic Optics
Abstract:
Large aperture reflection holographic optics are proposed for use
in LIDAR systems to make them mechanically simpler and lighter.
Aberrations are minimized using contoured fringes calculated to
compensate for spherical aberrations and to reduce astigmatism
and coma that results from operation off axis and at a wavelength
different than the construction wavelength. Chromatic dispersion
is not a problem for laser line reception and multiple line
operation is possible by stacking the reflectors. A 16 inch
mirror for operation at 532 has been made and delivered, methods of
making the same at near IR wavelengths are discussed.
A novel master copy process is described that allows formation of
masters in the red and near IR. Copies made in the blue region in
dichromated gelatin remain well corrected and with low phase
distortion. The possibility of production in Dupont Polymer or
computer generated blazed surface phase structures are noted.
Follow on work includes the design and generation of computer
generated multiplexed metalised blazed reflectors for the Far IR
region.
NASA can benefit by obtaining a source of lightweight flyable
large aperture optics. The same devices are useful for photon buckets
and narrowband imaging of a general nature. Solar collection, laser
radar, designators, and solar laser pumping are additional
possible applications.
Scanner, Diffractive Optics, HOE, Lidar, Holographic mirror
RALCON CORP , BOX 142, PARADISE, UTAH 84328
Project Title:
Isentropic Flight Guidance System for UAVs
Aurora Flight Sciences Corporation
10601 Observation Rd.
Manassas, VA 22111
93-1-08 10 3633
Isentropic Flight Guidance System for UAVs
Abstract:
When interpreting chemical changes from measurements made on
moving platforms it is important to remove signatures due to the
motion of the air. This has proved difficult on existing manned
aircraft such as the ER-2, necessitating post-processing of the
data prior to interpretation. Digital flight control systems
offer the possibility to receive signals from onboard scientific
payload instruments and use them to fly a trajectory of specific
scientific interest such as constant potential temperature,
maximum cloud particle density, or maximum chemical species
gradient. Unmanned aircraft are particularly attractive platforms
for conducting these experiments since they are highly
maneuverable, already set up to operate off computer-driven
systems, and involve no risk to human life onboard. The
innovation proposed herein is the first fully automatic flight
control system that integrates data from scientific payloads with
aircraft state variables to provide flight guidance commands
based on specific scientific needs. During Phase I several
control algorithms will be investigated and simulated. During
Phase II one or more algorithms would be fully developed and
demonstrated in flight aboard an unmanned aircraft.
Earth Science Advanced Aircraft program and related missions; EPA
pollution monitoring; mapping plumes of volcanic, chemical, or
biological origins.
unmanned aircraft, digital flight control systems, isentropic
flight
Project Title:
AIRBORNE STRATOSPHERIC SCIENCE STUDIES: AIRDASI
MEDECO, Inc.
89 Arundel Pl.
Clayton, MO., 63105
93-1 08.10 5435A Amount Requested $70,000
AIRBORNE STRATOSPHERIC SCIENCE STUDIES: AIRDASI
Abstract:
We propose a feasibility study of the design and construction of
AIRDASI, a novel airborne spectral mapping and imaging instrument
for remote sensing of the biogeochemical environment and
interactions among the global climate components. The instrument
is based on a imaging Digital Array Scanned Interferometer (DASI)
for infrared (0.8 to 2.5 um) spectral mapping at high resolution.
The DASI is stable and well suited to airborne operation. The
AIRDASI characteristics for airborne biochemical measurement
applications are:
* Adaptive, high S/N spectral mapping/imaging at high spatial
resolution.
* High efficiency between C.5 and 2.5 um.
* Adaptable spatial and spectral resolution.
* Insensitivity to stray light and environmental variables
such
as temperature, vibration, or pressure.
* Stable, no-moving parts, flexible operation.
* Low power and weight requirements.
Commercial applications are being developed for applications of
DASIs to metallic erosion/stress sensing, DNA sequencing,
chemical
process control, and Earth's atmospheric and surface remote
sensing, mandated site surveillance.
High sensitivity and spatial resolution airborne spectral
mapping.
Project Title:
An ELF Station for Global Lightning Monitoring
Pacific-Sierra Research Corporation
2901 28th Street
Santa Monica, CA 90405
93-1-08.11-2300
An ELF Station for Global Lightning Monitoring
Abstract:
We propose a sparse ELF receiver network to continuously monitor
the global distribution of intense lightning flashes, and hence,
convective storms. Our goal is to provide more accurate location
and better sensitivity than is now available. These improvements
will be achieved by (1) correcting for variations in phase velocity
of ELF sferics in the earth-ionosphere waveguide and (2) possibly
using a multi-station, range-only location method. A compact,
low-noise sensor and analysis system is proposed that provides
continuous, near real-time storm locations. This system will
contain event detection algorithms that replace the present
method of detecting events by visual inspection or hardcopied data.
These new detection algorithms are essential for an autonomous system.
The effectiveness of the hardware design and improved flash
detection and location algorithms will be evaluated in terms of
two criteria:
(1) minimum flash intensity required for detection and
location (hence, minimum storm size) and
(2) error in flash location. The evaluation will include the use and
placement of a global network of stations. In addition to the primary
application of monitoring storms, the new system has application to
environmental monitoring and global warming.
Our proposed sensor package is an excellent research tool for
universities and corporation monitoring the low-frequency
electromagnetic environment. As with satellite images, a
commercial market for raw data to researchers or specially
processed data to commercial users (radio or TV stations,
companies operating in remote areas, etc.) will be developed as a routine
part of the commercial operation of a global network. Data from
the network will be integrated with PSR's on-going efforts to develop
commercial software.
ELF Thunderstorms Lightning Weather
Project Title:
Network of Wideband Digital Receivers for Global Storm
Resolution Displays, Inc.
9479 Silver King Court
Fairfax, VA 22031
93-1-08 11 8902
Network of Wideband Digital Receivers for Global Storm
Identification
Abstract:
Complete global information about convective storms is hindered
by poor coverage of the oceans where there are few observing
stations and insufficient data from satellites. Reception of very
low and extra low frequency sferics from lightning by a network
of wideband digital receivers will provide a more complete
database for weather prediction. The receivers convert the
received signals into digital format immediately after a
front-end preamplifier, and use digital signal processing to
execute identification algorithms on several bands
simultaneously. The network will support atmospheric research
with full-spectrum capture of sferics data and execution of
experimental algorithms while maintaining its monitoring
function. Phase I will identify the optimum system architecture
for the receiver, Phase II will result in a tested receiver, and
Phase III will implement the network.
Enhanced domestic weather prediction, atmospheric research, storm
monitoring for tropical latitudes.
thunderstorm, sferics, lightning
Project Title:
Development of an Advanced Wideband Airborne Electromagnetic
Geophex, Ltd.
605 Mercury Street
Raleigh, N.C. 27603
93-1-08 12 8515
Development of an Advanced Wideband Airborne Electromagnetic
Sensor
Abstract:
This proposal sets forth a feasibility study for an advanced,
wideband, airborne electromagnetic (AEM) sensor with
environmental investigation applications. The goal is to validate
and demonstrate the feasibilty of an innovative design for an
aircraft-towed electromagnetic sensor capable of high-speed
surveying and imaging of subsurface targets and conditions of
environmental interest. The unique, monostatic coil system
design, combined with full, digital computer control, will
provide wider bandwidth and higher signal-to-noise ratios than
any system to date. This high quality data will make possible
inversion analyses which have never before been possible. As part
of this program, a hand-held unit will also be developed which
will be particularly applicable to small target areas. Possible
applications include subsurface environmental assessments,
shallow marine investigations, and soil studies.
Subsurface pollution assessment. Soil investigations. Marine
bathymetry, salinity, sediment thickness. Groundwater studies.
Mineral prospecting. Ice thickness measurement.
Remote Sensing Airborne Electromagnetic Environmental
Investigations Wideband Digital Monostatic
Project Title:
Focal Plane Array Dewar with Low Power Optical Data Link
Infrared Components Corporation
811 Court Street
Utica, NY 13502
93-1-08 13 5020
Focal Plane Array Dewar with Low Power Optical Data Link
Abstract:
Infrared Components Corporation (ICC) will analyze and develop
designs to adapt the existing Standardized Advanced Dewar
Assembly (SADA) to include a low power optical modulator in the
cryogenic portion of the dewar. Known optical link waveguide
modulation devices and architectures will be evaluated with
respect to the effects of the cryogenic environment. Changes in
modulator parameters such as wavelength dependence, transfer
function, and insertion loss, will be analyzed and projected for
each modulator type. These are expected due to differing
coefficients of thermal expansion, thermal strains associated
with modulator mounting and fiber pigtailing, as well as
microphonic effects due to the action of the piston of the
cryocooler. We will create a special cryotip joint design and
modulator mounting technique, as well as specify materials with
appropriate cryomechanical characteristics. Designs for a
cryogenic modulator with Optical Data Link will be carried out
for implementation and test in Phase II. These will allow NASA
and ICC to field FPA imagers with lower heat load on the dewar,
reduced Electromagnetic Interference, and low cross-talk for
parallel multiport readout.
Very large Infrared (IR) FPA's for U.S. Government applications
in Nuclear Testing, Missile Launch Imaging, and Earth Resources
Imaging; Commercial IR applications include Non-Destructive
Testing for large area, high speed web inspection; and real time,
high pixel count, medical Thermal Imaging. In the Visible, this
includes Astronomy and Machine Vision.
Cryogenic Optical Interface, Low Power Modulated, Optical Link
Project Title:
3D SENSOR READOUT ELECTRONICS
IRVINE SENSORS CORPORATION
3001 Redhill Avenue, Bldg. 3
Costa Mesa, CA 92626
93-1 08.13 8211 Amount Requested $69,521
3D SENSOR READOUT ELECTRONICS
Abstract:
The innovation is a compact focal plane assembly consisting of a 3D
stack of readout electronics (ROE) and a very high resolution image
sensor (see Figure 1). Its innovativeness is in the application of
stacked memory performance attributes (extremely dense electronics
and short, massively parallel, low capacitance connections) to high
resolution sensor performance problems. Many short sensor outputs
connect the sensor to the ROE, and much more circuit area is behind
each sensor line than in conventional planar hybrid FPAs.
The large circuit area behind each sensor line, and fast, short
interconnections address the following needs from the solicitation:
1. Sub-electron read noise for detector arrays:
Large geometry, low noise preamplifiers minimize read
noise, and ADCs make focal plane outputs more robust
2. Thermal isolation of electronics in cryogenic dewars:
A large number of parallel, slower circuits (especially
ADCs) dissipate less power than a single multiplexed fast
circuit. Internal generation of logic signals reduces
the thermal load from I/O wires through the dewar wall.
3. Event driven readout of large detector arrays.
There is enough area on the focal plane to provide event
driven logic.
There is considerable potential for commercialization of this
product as the development of HDTV proceeds. The principle
commercial products are the studio camera, the portable news
camera, and the camcorder. In addition, the technology may be
applied to vision systems for industrial robotics.
Focal Plane Assemblies, Imaging Systems, CCD
Project Title:
Large Dynamic Range CCD Camera
Sensors Unlimited, Inc.
3490 U.S. Route 1, Building 8
Princeton, NJ 08540
93-1-08 14 0610
Large Dynamic Range CCD Camera
Abstract:
We propose to develop a multi-tap 512x512 pixel CCD camera with a
20,000:1 dynamic range and a 60 Hz frame rate. This achievement
will advance the performance of solid state camaras by more than
an order of magnitude. The initial application will be as a
detector for an optical correlator but the camera will find use
in many situations where the 256:1 - 512:1 dynamic range of
conventional CCD cameras is inacequate. During Phase I, we will
work with a 512x512 CCD with 16 output taps to evaluate its
suitability in terms of both signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic
range. At the end of Phase I, we will deliver a working prototype
camera together with a design for a full camera to be developed
during Phase II. The David Sarnoff Research Center (Princeton,
NJ) will provide technical support as well as sample CCDs.
Current video frame rate (30-60 hz) CCD cameras are limited to
8-10 bit dynamic range (256:1 - 1024:1). This performance is not
adequate for many machine vision and scientific imaging
applications such as biological fluorescence, optical
spectroscopy, streak camera readout, etc. A commercial version of
the camera developed at the end of Phase II wlll address those
needs.
CCD, camera, imaging, dynamic range
Project Title:
Two Stage DC SQUID Amplifiers for Cryogenic Sensors
HYPRES,Inc.
175 Clearbrook Road
Elmsford, NY 10523
93-1 08.14 1190 Amount Requested $69,683.00
Two Stage DC SQUID Amplifiers for Cryogenic Sensors
Abstract:
Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) are extremely
sensitive detectors of magnetic flux and can be used as low noise
amplifiers for many applications such as cryogenic detectors and
biomagnetic measurements. In order to utilize a SQUID as an
amplifier, extensive peripheral electronics are required. Such
room temperature electronics are very expensive, specially for
space-qualified applications, and are responsible for a substantial
portion of the cost of the commercial magnetometer systems.
Therefore, it is highly advantageous to simplify the electronics
required to operate SQUIDs. This project will lead to the
development of an all thin-film SQUID array amplifier chip. The
proposed DC SQUID amplifier integrates several (on the order of a
hundred) DC SQUID gates with a high sensitivity analog SQUID
magnetometer. Each chip, in addition to having a SQUID array
coupled to an analog SQUID, will also have an integrated
superconducting transformer to facilitate its interface to an
external pick up coil. This scheme will eliminate the need for the
most critical part of the peripheral electronics, that is, the low
noise amplifiers, which, in practical systems, determines the noise
floor of the systems. Such a system will be compact and cost
effective, and requires ordinary support electronics. As a result
of this effort, it will be possible to design and fabricate SQUID
chips that will contain arrays of such SQUIDs for integration in
magnetometer systems, thereby reducing the complexity of the room
temperature electronics for such systems. Due to significant
progress in superconducting electronics at HYPRES in recent months,
we are actually proposing to design, fabricate and evaluate these
SQUID array amplifier chips under this phase I program. The goal
for the flux noise for such chips is less than 5XlO-6~o/~Hz when
operated from 4.2 K down to milliKelvins.
This project will lead to the development of an all-thin film SQUID
chip where the chip has a self-contained low noise analog SQUID
amplifier with on-chip SQUID arrays as amplifiers. This chip will
require ordinary support electronics and consequently systems
containing a few such chips can be realized very cost effectively
for integration in SQUID magnetometer systems.
SQUID magnetometer, Low noise amplifier, Non-destructive evaluation
Project Title:
Solar Blind AlxGa1_xN UV Detector Arrays Deposited by Atomic
SVT* Associates
7620 Executive Drive
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
93-1-08 14 1993
Solar Blind AlxGa1_xN UV Detector Arrays Deposited by Atomic
Nitrogen Epitaxy
Abstract:
AlxGa1_xN is a direct, wide band gap semiconductor with a cutoff
wavelength varying from 200 to 365 nm depending on the Al
content. Therefore photodiode array made of the material would be
ideal for high speed, high quantum efficiency solar blind UV
detector arrays. Photodiodes are efficient light detectors which
possess good linearity and high speed. The large band gap of
AlxGa1_xN should reduce the reverse bias saturation current and
increase the signal to noise ratio over other smaller band gap
photodiodes. The material is extremely hard, corrosion resistant,
and capable of being used at high temperature. This makes it
ideal for space borne sensor applications. We propose to
demonstrate the growth of AlxGa1_xN on sapphire by Molecular Beam
Epitaxy using a unique reactive atomic nitrogen source. The tasks
will include fabrication and characterization of the reactive
atomic nitrogen source. Molecular Beam Epitaxy allows material
studies on the growth and nucleation of AlGaN to be done in-situ
with various characterization techniques. The Phase I program
should result in PN junctions composed of various x value
AlxGa1_xN films characterized as a function of wavelength for use
as photodiodes.
The growth process of reactive atomic nitrogen epitaxy for AlGaN
should provide device quality material with both P and N type
dopants. AlGaN is an ideal material for solar blind UV detectors,
high temperature electronics, and UV to visible emitters.
PN junctions Reactive atomic nitrogen source, GaN, AlN, Solar
blind detector
Project Title:
Epitaxial Grown Ge-JFETs for Cryogenic Detectors
TLC Precision Wafer Technology, Inc.
661 5th Avenue North #160
Minneapolis, MN 55405
93-1-08 14 2795
Epitaxial Grown Ge-JFETs for Cryogenic Detectors
Abstract:
An epitaxial grown Germanium - channel Junction Field Effect
Transistor (Ge-JFET) is proposed to provide the most efficient,
low noise cryogenically cooled detectors operating at 2 - 4øK.
Precisioned engineered lattice and doping epitaxial growth will
eliminate material defects to allow the Germanium superior low
temperature mobilities to be utilized in the most efficient
cryogenic temperature transistors technology available (JFETs).
The low resistance Al/Pd contacts on the engineered p-n-p
structure will result in Ge-channel JFET detectors with very low
noise at audio frequencies (lOHz), high input impedance and low
power dissipation. TLC expect to demonstrate Ge-JFETs with less
than l0nV of noise at lOOHz and 4øK. This proposal summarizes how
TLC will develop and demonstrate the material, fabrication and
performance advantages of epitaxial grown Ge-JFETs for
cryogenically cooled detector for
Cost-effective monolithic fiber-optic receivers, low
temperature/cryogenic detectors, high speed low temperature Read
out electronics.
Ge, JFETs, detectors, PN Junctions Read out electronics
Project Title:
High Performance Cd1-xZnxTe X-Ray Detectors and Arrays
Aurora Technologies Corporation
7408 Trade Street
San Diego, CA 92121-2410
93-1 08.14 4645 L Amount Requested $69,994
High Performance Cd1-xZnxTe X-Ray Detectors and Arrays
Abstract:
Aurora Technologies Corporation (Aurora) proposes to develop a
new high-performance, room temperature detector and array technology
that will allow NASA to investigate phenomena of considerable
significance to space astronomy, astrophysics, geophysics and
atmospheric studies throughout nearly the entire x-ray/low-energy
gamma ray regions. NASA's needs in these areas are not being
adequately met by current detector technology. The proposed
materials-based program will constitute an extension of
promising, new Cd1-xZnxTe (CZT) detector technology that has already been
developed to commercial viability. The overall program will
include optimizing alloy composition, improving crystalline
purity and addressing manufacturing issues. Specific Phase I goals are
to demonstrate the feasibility of 1) the ability to achieve required
resistivity levels by adjusting material composition 2) adapting
existing CZT fabrication techniques to other compositions and 3)
achieving exceptionally high energy resolutions (FWHM) below 200
eV in the soft x-ray region.
Improved detector technology will significantly expand existing
markets in medical instruments, industrial process control, etc.,
and make it feasible to address new products with very large
market potential, such as medical imaging and non-destructive evaluation
of composite materials.
x-ray detectors, low-energy gamma-ray detectors, cadmium-zinc-
telluride, room temperature detectors
Project Title:
Optical Amplifier for Cryogenic Detector Signals
OPTRA, Inc.
461 Boston Street
Topsfield, MA 01983
93-1-08 14 6600
Optical Amplifier for Cryogenic Detector Signals
Abstract:
OPTRA proposes to demonstrate a novel approach to the detection,
amplification and transmission of low level detector signals from
cryogenic detectors. Essential elements of the proposed work are
1) A cooled optical waveguide phase modulator that imposes a
phase modulation proportional to a detector signal on an optical
beam from a low power, CD type laser diode. 2) A low heat loss
fiber optic link to take the modulated signal outside the
detector dewar and 3) A very high resolution, homodyne phase
processor, that recovers the phase information at the detector
noise level and with high fidelity. This combination, the power
from the laser diode and the phase modulation from the modulator
provides for significant power gain in terms of electric power at
the input terminals in and the power in the interferometer fringe
signals out. Advantages of the approach are in principle no
restrictions on the operating temperature of the modulator, very
low heat loss through the fiber optic link and a high degree of
immunity from electro magnetic interference.
The unique properties of waveguide modulators, i.e. their
essentially lossless nature, their enormous dynamic range and
large bandwidth capability make them almost ideal input
transducers for a range of scientific and commercial measurement
requirements. Examples are as frontends for RF radio receivers,
as sensors for biomedical applications and to impose microwave
signals onto optical beams, e.g. cable TV systems.
Detector, Cryogenic, Laser, Interferometer, Phase
Project Title:
A Low-Noise DC SQUID Amplifier with Simplified Readout
Conductus, Inc.
969 West Maude Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94086-2802
93-1-08 14 6700A
A Low-Noise DC SQUID Amplifier with Simplified Readout
Electronics
Abstract:
Because of their low noise and enormous bandwidth, dc
Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUID)s are very
attractive as amplifiers for many applications. Conventional
SQUID amplifiers are often not suitable for these applications,
because the readout electronics employ flux modulation which
imposes a severe bandwidth limitation and increases their
complexity. For applications in space, this significantly
increases the cost of preparing flight-qualified electronics. If
the SQUID is not properly designed and damped, parasitic
resonances are introduced, complicating the operation of the
SQUID and leading to excess noise which degrades performance. We
propose to develop a low-noise, two-stage SQUID amplifier with
very simple electronics and appropriate packaging that is ideally
suited for cryogenic detector readout applications in space. The
amplifier consists of a single, low-noise SQUID input stage,
followed by a coherently modulated, series-connected SQUID array
output stage. A proven design optimization procedure is employed
to ensure proper treatment of the parasitic resonances. Properly
designed, the output noise is dominated by the amplified noise of
the input SQUID and is sufficiently high to allow direct
connection to a room-temperature preamplifier. Additional
electronics are not required, and the high bandwidth and dynamic
range are preserved.
The proposed low-noise SQUID amplifier with simple electronics,
high bandwidth and high dynamic range has substantial private
sector market potential, particularly in the area of SQUID
instrumentation.
SQUIDs, Low-noise amplifier
Project Title:
Superconducting Tunnel Junctions with Multilayer Electrodes as
Conductus, Inc.
969 W. Maude Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 9408-2802
93-1 08.14 6700 B Amount Requested $69,500.87
Superconducting Tunnel Junctions with Multilayer Electrodes as
Energy-Resolving X-ray Detectors
Abstract:
Superconducting tunnel junction X-ray spectrometers promise to
combine efficiency and broad bandwidth with high-energy
resolution--a combination not available in current commercial
detectors. Conductus, Inc., in collaboration with Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory, has begun development of STJ X-ray
detectors which use a novel multilayer electrode structure. We
have already demonstrated Nb/Al-Al2O3-Al/Nb tunnel junction
detectors with about 40 eV resolution for 6 keV X-rays; this is the
best resolution ever obtained for any type of STJ detector.
Because of their simplicity, bandwidth, resolution and count-rate
capability, superconducting tunnel junction spectrometers should be
ideally suited for X-ray astronomy applications.
In phase I of this project we will optimize the electrode structure
for energy resolution and operating temperature. In phase II we
will develop large area detector arrays with high quantum
efficiency and high spatial resolution.
An energy-resolving X-ray detector which has high resolution, broad
bandwidth, and high efficiency would be extremely useful for a wide
range of applications. Not only would such a device be uniquely
suited for X-ray astronomy, it would also find application in:
microprobe analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, non-
destructive testing, X-ray microscopy, radiation damage studies,
measuring cross sections of highly ionized elements, and as a
particle detector with a low-energy threshold.
X-ray astronomy, X-ray detector, tunnel junction
Project Title:
High Speed YBa2Cu307 Superconducting Bolometers on
Excel Superconductor, Inc.
140-29, Keyland Ct.
Bohemia, NY-11716
93-1-08 14 8278A
High Speed YBa2Cu307 Superconducting Bolometers on
Polycrystalline Diamond
Abstract:
Excel Superconductor, in cooperation with Dr. H. S. Kwok at SUNY
Buffalo, propose an innovative approach to fabricate sensitive,
broad--band high--speed bolometric IR detectors on diamond. The
low heat capacity of a diamond substrate makes it possible to
build sensitive bolometers with a fast response time. No one has
yet deposited high quality YBa2Cu307 (YBCO) thin films on diamond
because of lattice mismatch, chemical contamination, and
differences in thermal contraction. Our approach is to combine
two established technologies--diamond on silicon, and YBCO on
silicon with a YSZ buffer layer - to create
diamond-silicon--YSZ-YBCO multilayers, in which the silicon and
YSZ serve as a composite buffer layer. This innovation is a
promising approach to developing a bolometer which detects
infrared radiation at wavelengths 1--100 microns more sensitively
than any other detector operating at or above 77K.
The bolometer we develop in Phase II will have direct commercial
applicability as an infrared detector for laboratory infrared
spectroscopy instruments. Such instruments now contain either
sensitive and expensive helium-cooled detectors or relatively
insensitive and inexpensive room--temperature detectors. The HTS
bolometer will make it possible to develop a commercial
instrument which is intermediate in sensitivity and price.
High Tc Films, Diamond, Bolometer,
Project Title:
Evaluation of a Random Pixel Address CID Detector for use in
CID Technologies Inc.
101 Commerce Blvd.
Liverpool, NY 13088
93-1-08 14 9410
Evaluation of a Random Pixel Address CID Detector for use in
Photon Counting Space Astronomy
Abstract:
We propose to evaluate a random pixel address Charge Injection
Device (CID) array for use as an innovative W photon counting
detector. CIDs are wide dynamic range, non-blooming visible area
array detectors which possess unique electro-optical features and
flexible readout characteristics particularly suited to making
asynchronous and precise spatial measurements. Using CID's random
access and multiport readout capabilities, it should be possible
to accomplish global readout of high resolution arrays at
rates >102/sec and local subarrays at exceptionally high rates
(>105/sec). The later rate would be adequate to perform photon
counting. During Phase I, the maximum speed limit of an existing
random access CID decoder electronics will be measured and
correlated with computer simulations. Recommendations for the
design and fabrication of a speed optimized CID structure will be
provided. Phase II would complete prototype fabrication of the
high resolution/speed optimized CID imager and imager test
electronics.
The new CID imager could be interfaced with micro channel plate
(MCP) image intensifiers to provide NASA with a UV photon
counting detector useful in space astronomy applications. A high
framing flexible readout CID imager would be particularly useful
as the key image pick-up device in automated machine vision and
aerospace targeting/guidance systems. The imager would facilitate
precision measurement and inspection of fast moving parts on
production lines. Or, it could be used to detect and provide
precise target/vehicle position information on robots, vehicles
and end-game smart projectiles.
Photon Counting, Charge Coupled Device, CID Imager
Project Title:
Monolithic InGaAs - on - Silicon, Optically Resonant, Infrared
Discovery Semiconductors, Inc.
186 Princeton-Hightstown Road, Bldg.3A, Box l
Cranbury, NJ 08512
(609) 275 - 0011
93-1-08 15 0011A
Monolithic InGaAs - on - Silicon, Optically Resonant, Infrared
Detector Arrays
Abstract:
We propose to develop 5 element, linear, monolithic,
InGaAs-on-Silicon, spectrally selective detector arrays for the
near-infrared spectrum (1.0 - 1.7 um). The technique of selective
epitaxy will be used to grow (100x100) um area detector mesas on
the silicon substrate. Special methods will be used to
practically eliminate the misfit dislocations caused by the
severe lattice mismatch between the InO Ga 47As absorption region
and the silicon substrate, thus, resulting in a very high quality
detector material. The expected room temperature leakage current
is less than 10 nA at a reverse bias of 5V. The innovation
consists of a new, unique, optically resonant InO.53GaO.47As
detector that has a wavelength selective response. This resonant
detector not only discriminates different wavelengths in a
compact and solid state design, but also has the extended
wavelength coverage and improved quantum efficiency over
conventional photodetector designs. In addition, the silicon
substrate will incorporate low readout noise circuitry using
standard CMOS process. These features will represent a major
advance in infrared detector array technology.
The successful completion of Phase I and a possible Phase II
would result in a high yield, low cost, low noise, reliable,
monolithic InGaAs-on-silicon detector arrays, both in the linear
and two-dimensional configuration for near-infrared spectroscopy,
astronomy, remote sensing, and chemometrics applications.
Monolithic, InGaAs Detectors, Arrays, Misfit Dislocations,
Optical
Resonance, Spectral Selectivity.
Project Title:
InGaAs/GaAs QWIP Development
Quantum Epitaxial Designs, Inc.
115 Research Drive
Bethlehem, PA 18015
93-1-08 15 6930
InGaAs/GaAs QWIP Development
Abstract:
Quantum Well Infrared Photodetectors (QWIPs) based on the III-V
material system make an excellent detector choice for certain
infrared applications. Although the QWIP does not compare
favorably with the ideal HgCdTe detector due to its intrinsically
shorter carrier lifetimes (about 1-10 ps) leading to large
thermal generation rates, it does benefit from the more mature
III-V epitaxial growth technology which allows better control and
uniformity. In particular, for applications such as NASA's Earth
Observation Satellite (EOS), which contains the Atmospheric
Infrared Sounder (AIRS), the QWIP provides an ideal choice for
the 12-16 micron region. The high Hg content required for
operation in this region results in reproducibility difficulties
as well as excessive dark currents. The high noise requires the
additional expense of a space qualified chopper and associated
differential amplifiers for each of the array elements. Although
much work has been reported on the GaAs/AlGaAs based QWIP,
the InGaAs/GaAs version will yield improved performance. The
higher carrier mobility and lower effective mass associated with
the InGaAs well and GaAs barriers will yield significantly
enhanced response.
Thermal imaging systems, IR Seekers and trackers, and
astronomical sensors.
Infrared detectors, Multi-Quantum well, Molecular Beam Epitaxy
(MBE)
Project Title:
Design of an Innovative, Compact, Pulse Tube Cryocooler
Alabama Cryogenic Engineering, Inc.
P.O. Box 2470
Huntsville, AL 35804
93-1-08 15 8629
Design of an Innovative, Compact, Pulse Tube Cryocooler
Abstract:
The performance of pulse tube cryocoolers has developed rapidly
since the introduction of the orifice by Mikullin in 1984. The
proposed effort covers an additional innovation that has been
shown to result in increased cryocooler performance. The
replacement of the orifice by a room temperature piston allows
the phase shifts and displacements to be completely controlled.
This control results in cryocooler performance that is equivalent
to machines operating on the Stirling Cycle. The focus of this
effort is on a cryocooler that can produce 0.5 watt at 65K in a
single stage.
Over 5,000 Split-Stirling cryocoolers are produced each year, and
this forms one of the only large commercial markets in this area.
The proposed innovation could result in a cryocooler that could
replace a significant fraction of the current market.
PUlse Tube Cycle, Hot Piston Pulse Tube, High Performance,
Split-Stirling Cycle
Project Title:
A Superconducting 10GHz 2-bit Digitizer for Radio Astronomy
HYPRES, Inc.
175 Clearbrook Road
Elmsford, NY 10523
93-1 08.16 1190 Amount Requested $69,424
A Superconducting 10GHz 2-bit Digitizer for Radio Astronomy
Abstract:
Hypres proposes to develop an ultra-sensitive 10GS/s Analog to
Digital Convertor (ADC) for direct conversion of the SIS
(Superconductor-Insulator-Superconductor) mixer output signals to
digital data for use in radio astronomy. The observation of
broadband emitters, such as cosmic dust clouds and proto-planetary
objects, requires a large instantaneous bandwidth for analysis of
multiple spectral lines. For these observations a sample rate of
10GS/s is desired. The 10GS/s ADC is constructed from three
comparators and digital logic. HYPRES proposes to design,
fabricate, and test an innovative comparator design based on
Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). SQUIDS have
demonstrated the energy resolution required for 2K noise thresholds
at 5GHz bandwidths. The complete ADC will be fabricated using
niobium which operates at 4K, is compact (1mm x 1mm), and low power
( < 1mW) making it suitable for space-based imaging arrays
requiring an ADC per pixel. HYPRES has developed superconducting
digital logic which can be used to crosscorrelate the ADC data at
10GS/s. The design would the follow the ADC with a 1 to N
demultiplexor, this will produce N output ports at l/N of the
sample rate, each port is connected to a semiconductor correlator.
A second approach would implement a superconducting correlator
operating at 10GS/s.
The comparator devices developed in Phase 1 can be used to make
10GS/s Analog to Digital Convertors and lps Time to Digital
Convertors. These are the key components for many commercial test
and measurement instruments as well as all high energy and nuclear
physics detectors.
Analog-to-Digital Convertor, Sub-mm Wave, Radio Astronomy,
Superconductivity, Comparator, SIS Mixer, Digitizer, correlation
Project Title:
GRAPHITE FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE SUBMILLIMETER REFLECTORS
COMPOSITE OPTICS, INCORPORATED
9617 Distribution Avenue
San Diego, CA 92121
93-1-08 16 6000
GRAPHITE FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE SUBMILLIMETER REFLECTORS
Abstract:
This SBIR Project will enable development of large, submillimeter
wavelength, graphite fiber reinforced composite reflectors for
use in atmospheric remote sensing that are otherwise beyond reach
because of current weight, size, and cost constraints. Composite
Optics, Incorporated (COI), intends to fully exploit the
properties of graphite fiber composites, apply our proptietary
plating technology, and test the most advanced bulk graphite
precision mold techniques. The reflector design will achieve
adequate dimensional stability by featuring tiled facesheets and
segmented, cellularized core.
LIGHTWEIGHT, LARGE, STABLE OPTICS FOR AIRPLANE AND SATELLITE
SENSORS
LARGE OPTICS, STABLE OPTICS, LIGHTWEIGHT OPTICS
Project Title:
A MICROLITER-SIZED METASTABLE HELIUM IONIZATION DETECTOR WITH NOVEL
PCP, Inc.
2155 Indian Road
West Palm Beach, Florida 33409-3287
93-1 08.17 0507 Amount Requested $70,000
A MICROLITER-SIZED METASTABLE HELIUM IONIZATION DETECTOR WITH NOVEL
ELECTRODES
Abstract:
For flight experiments in low earth orbits and planetary missions,
an innovative electrode structure is proposed to obtain a
metastable helium ionization detector of active volume down to a
fraction of a microliter for use with microbore and microchannel
gas chromatographs. Such a small detector volume is achieved by
the special electrode structure and gas flow pattern. In Phase I,
the detector structure and function will be optimized with the use
of a test fixture which examines the metastable helium ionization
performance with a coupled mass spectrometer for mass
identification. A new generation of micro-sized gas chromatograph
columns requires a micro-volume detector for the measurement of
organic chemicals, oxygen and water, down to parts-per-billion. A
theoretical model for understanding the detector's operation can be
based in part on the research results already achieved by PCP, inc.
under Contracts NAS2-12997 and NAS2-13276, entitled Ion Mobility
Sensing of Extraterrestrial Volatiles from a Gas Chromatograph.
For NASA, the further reduction in detector size leads to a
reduction in utilities (gas) requirements and weight in space
flight instrumentation.
The most important commercial application is the construction of a
smaller metastable helium ionization detector than heretofore has
existed. Such a detector will be more suitable for the new
generation of smaller and faster gas chromatograPhs that are now
becoming commercially available for both environmental and
industrial monitoring of volatiles.
metastable helium ionization detector (MHD) microbore gas
chromatograph
Project Title:
Narrow Bandwidth Tunable Holographic Filters for Solar
Accuwave Corporation
1651 l9th St.
Santa Monica, CA 90404
93-1-08 18 5540
Narrow Bandwidth Tunable Holographic Filters for Solar
Atmospheric Studies
Abstract:
Narrow bandwidth filters using holographic reflection gratings
will be developed for application in solar atmospheric studies,
where rapid wavelength tunability over about a 1 A range is
required. A holographic grating filter for monochromatic imaging
at the Ha line has already been demonstrated by Accuwave
Corporation, with 0.12 A bandwidth (FWHM) and -30 dB sidelobe
levels at l.1 A from the peak. Techniques for improving this
basic filter by incorporating rapid wavelength tunability,
materials for holographic filters at wavelengths shorter than Ha
such as the CaII line, and improvements in optical throughput,
resolution, and field of view will be investigated.
Narrow band emission spectrometers, spectrum analyzers, metal and
chemical analyzers, LIDAR, narrow bandwidth blocking filters,
laser wavelength standards.
Holography, photorefractive materials, optical filters, narrow
bandwidth filters, holographic gratings
Project Title:
CCD Based Spatially Modulated Fourier Transform Spectrometer
Photometrics Ltd.
3440 E. Britannia Drive, Suite 110
Tucson, Arizona 85706-5006
93-1-08 19 1265
CCD Based Spatially Modulated Fourier Transform Spectrometer
Abstract:
We will develop and characterize a common-path or Sagnac
interferometer with CCD array detector that can be used as a
space-borne or field spectrometer from the UV to the IR region of
the spectrum. The specific innovation is that the entire
interferometer assembly (beamsplitter, mirrors, lens, and
associated optics) will be fabricated as a monolithic, solid
block. The importance of this innovation is that very compact
instruments can be built for field and flight assignments that
will require no adjustments beyond initial assembly since they
cannot become misaligned. In addition, the dispersion effects of
thick beamsplitters will be eliminated, thus restoring the large
field of view inherent to the common-path interferometer. The
instrument has an inherently wide range of design flexibility. We
anticipate that it can be used for spectrophotometry, spatially
resolved spectroscopy, and moderate resolution spectroscopy over
a wide spectral range. The large field of view with respect to
grating spectrometers will make this an invaluable instrument for
many applications.
Spectroscopy of chemiluminescent and bioluminescent materials,
high altitude balloon and rocket observations of atmospheric
constituents, spectroscopy and spectrophotometry of planetary
atmospheres and surfaces. The instrument will also compete
favorably with grating spectrometers for a wide range of
laboratory spectroscopy problems.
CCD, FTS, spatially modulated fourier transform spectroscopy
Project Title:
Room Temperature Long Wave Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
Opto-Knowledge Systems, Inc. (OKSI)
1227 Ninth Street
Manhattan Beach, CA 90266-6017
93-1-08 19 6078
Room Temperature Long Wave Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
Investigation
Abstract:
If uncooled to cryogenic temperature, the opto-mechanical
components in a long wave infrared imaging spectrometer emit
broadband thermal radiation that at best may reduce the dynamic
range of the Focal Plane Array, or completely saturate it. One
solution is to mount a Linear Variable Filter over the FPA and
block most of the thermal clutter from reaching the FPA. However,
mounting the LVF over the FPA in perfect alignment with the rows
of pixel is not easy. The direct deposition of the LVF coatings
onto the FPA can simplify the preocess and produce a permanently
aligned FPA that can operate with room temperature
opto-mechanical systems. The technological issues associated with
the process of depositing a wedge shaped interference filter over
an IRFPA, and an alternative approach based on the Narcissus
Effect will be investigated during the Phase I contract. A
demonstration of the concept with prototype hardware is
contemplated for Phase II. We propose to perform the
demonstration by installing the new FPA in one of JPL's sensors,
the Thermal Infrared Imaging Spectrometer. Successful development
of the technology will directly support
NASA's planetary and remote earth observation activities.
The use of room temperature components in a LWIR imaging
spectrometer present the opportunity to develop instruments that
are smaller, lighter, more reliable, more portable, and less
expensive. There is a growing need for such systems in spaceborne
missions for planetary applications or earth remote sensing,
ground environmental monitoring, low enforcement and forensics,
night vision and target recognition systems.
LVF, LWIR, Imaging-Spectroscopy, Uncooled-Optics, Narcissus
Project Title:
Spaceborne Multispectral Imager
Ciencia, Inc.
111 Roberts St.
East Hartford, CT 06108
93-1-08 19 9737
Spaceborne Multispectral Imager
Abstract:
The proposed program contains two innovations to improve the
useability of acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTF's). The first
is the use of a phased array for the acoustic transducer to
achieve acoustic wavefront steering. This will permit real-time
control of bandwidth. The technique can be applied to existing
non-collinear AOTF's such as TeO2. The second innovation is the
use of amorphous polymer materials instead of crystals as the
acousto-optic medium. By inducing birefringence in the polymer,
material optical properties can be changed in real time. Each of
these innovations would provide the ability to control bandwidth
based on the measuring conditions rather than have the bandwidth
increase as the square of the wavelength as is presently the case
in today's AOTF's and liquid crystal tunable filters. These
innovations would make AOTF's useful for spectral imaging for
Earth observation.
Medical diagnostic imaging instrumentation such as flow and
imaging cytometers is a growing field in cancer and aids
diagnosis that would utilize the proposed technology. The
instrumentation proposed can be readily adapted to industrial
process analysis such as in chemical vapor deposition of
electronic components and quality assurance in chemical
processing, pharmaceutical manufacturing and food processing.
spectral imaging, AOTF, bandwidth, EOS
Project Title:
Infrared Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter
Aurora Associates
3350 Scott Boulevard, Building 20
Santa Clara, CA 95054
93-1-08 20 0867
Infrared Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter
Abstract:
The acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is an electronically
tunable optical filter that has a large angular aperture while
maintaining high spectral resolution. Combined with the ability
of simultaneous polarization measurement, and the advantage of
small size and weight, the AOTF is well-suited to remote sensing
applications. Current AOTF technology has major performance
deficiencies that limit its potential for infrared spectral
regions. It is the objective of this program to overcome these
deficiencies and significantly advance the AOTF technology for
practical deployment in infrared imaging systems. A risk
reduction effort is proposed in Phase I. The proposed task
includes: (a) Design, build and test a resonant infrared TeO2
AOTF to demonstrate low drive power. (b) Operate and evaluate
TeO2 AOTF at cryogenic temperatures. (c) Investigate material
issues, design concepts and fabrication techniques for wide range
infrared AOTFs beyond 5 micrometers.
The AOTF to be developed in the proposed program can be used in a
variety of commercial applications that include industry process
control (e.g. thin-film monitoring, color separation),
multi-color display, pollution monitoring, optical communication
(wavelength multiplexing, covert communication) and medical
instrumentation (e.g. flow cytometry for cancer diagnosis)
imaging spectropolarimetry, acousto-optic tunable filter
infrared, low power, cryogenic operation, wide tuning range
Project Title:
DIODE LASER INTRACAVITY TRACE GAS SPECTROMETER
Deacon Research
2440 Embarcadero Way
Palo Alto, CA 94303
93-1-08 20 6100
DIODE LASER INTRACAVITY TRACE GAS SPECTROMETER
Abstract:
An innovative approach to laser absorption spectroscopy with
diode lasers is described. Our objective in this project is to
design, build and test the first-of-its kind intracavity laser
absorption spectrometer for trace gas detection based on room
temperature diode lasers, which will surpass the performance of
other laser absorption spectroscopic techniques. The instrument
will be advantageous over currently used techniques as a result
of increased sensitivity and decreased complexity. In Phase I we
will set up the first model of the system and demonstrate the
intracavity spectroscopy mode of operation with a diode traveling
wave amplifier in an external cavity. The detection sensitivity
of the technique will be verified. In Phase II we will engineer
and construct a prototype system, which will be tested in
collaboration with NASA Goddard Space Flight Center personnel.
The immediate application of the instrument will be for trace gas
concentration measurements. Commercial applications for this new
technology will develop in environmental monitoring, in
industrial process and quality control and in medicine.
laser spectroscopy, intracavity, absorption, trace gas,
atmospheric, diode laser
Project Title:
Growth and Development of High Chromium-Doped LiSrAlF6
Lightning Optical Corporation
431 E. Spruce Street
Tarpon Springs, FL 34689
93-1 08.21 0092 Amount Requested $69,726ú52
Growth and Development of High Chromium-Doped LiSrAlF6
Abstract:
Lightning optical Corporation proposes to develop the crystal
growth of Cr:LiSrAlF6 for use as a diode pumped solid state laser
material. Over the past two years, Lightning Optical has
successfully demonstrated the commercialization of low-doped
Cr:LiSrAlF6 for solid state laser applications. There ha~ been
limited development of the high Cr-doped LiSrAlF6 since the
discovery of the host crystal structure five years ago, but the
knowledge gained during our previous commercialization processes
should accelerate the development of the high-doped Cr:LiSrAlF6
for
CW or pulsed laser applications. In order for this material to
be
optimized for use as a compact, tunable laser source operating
between 780 and 1010 nm, several initial growth runs will be
conducted to investigate Cr-doping in LiSrAlF6. Coupled with
spectroscopic and laser testing, the results of this effort will
be
critical for the optimization of the crystal growth processes.
The
main thrust of this research will be to develop the growth
technology to produce high optical quality, low scatter boules of
highly doped Cr:LiSrAlF6 to facilitate diode pumping for the
production of frequency agile sources in the near infrared region
of the spectrum.
Several laser companies have expressed an interest ln developing
diode-pumped Cr:LiSrAlF6 lasers for remote sensing, pollution
monitoring, wind shear analysis, and non-invasive surgical
applications. Lightning Optical Corporation would become a
leader
in the market in supplying highly-doped Cr:LiSrAlF6 material to
government research laboratories as well as commercial product
designers if laser-quality Cr:LiSrAlF6 were made available.
Chromium, Lasers, Crystal Growth, LiSAF, LIDAR Tunable, Laser
Materials, Diode-Pumping
Project Title:
Room-Temperature Resonant Cavity Enhanced Tunable
Sensors Unlimited, Inc.
3490 US Route 1, Building 8
Princeton, NJ 08540
93-1-08.21-0610
Room-Temperature Resonant Cavity Enhanced Tunable
GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb Photodetectors Grown by MO-MBE for 2 to 5 um.
Abstract:
We propose to design and demonstrate a unique photodetector
structure for the mid-infrared 2-5 um spectrum. The innovation
consists of combining an optical resonant cavity heterojunction
phototransistor and negative differential switch into a single
device using multi-quantum-well epitaxial layers. In Phase I, we
will investigate the growth of GaInAsSb and AlGaAsSb alloys via
metal organic molecular beam epitaxy ( "MO-MBE" ), and
characterize thin quantum well layers for crystal defects and
band discontinuities. In Phase II, we will construct and optimize
working devices and utilize these devices in gas sensing
instruments. Prof. Jian Zhao (Rutgers University) and Dr. Glen
Cullen (SRI David Sarnoff Research Center) will consult on this
project.
A high performance, high yield, photodetector which would
significantly increase the sensitivity of gas sensing
instruments.
photodetector, multi-quantum-well, resonant cavity
Project Title:
High Power 1.91 um Wavelength 2-D Laser Diode Array
SDL, Inc.
80 Rose Orchard Way
San Jose, CA 95134
93-1-08 21 9411
High Power 1.91 um Wavelength 2-D Laser Diode Array
Abstract:
SDL, Inc. proposes to develop a high power 2-D semiconductor
laser diode array operating at a wavelength of 1.91 um for
pumping of Ho-doped solid state lasers. The proposed laser uses
recent advances achieved at SDL with InGaAs/InGaAsP
strained-layer quantum well lasers grown on InP substrates. By
pumping at 1.91 um, high pumping efficiency with low upconversion
losses may be attained. Use of 1.91 um pump lasers enables the
use of compact and efficient solid-state lasers emitting in the
2.0-2.1 um wavelength range for lidar, DIAL and Doppler lidar in
several NASA missions. SDL, Inc. has demonstrated the highest
powers, efficiencies and reliabilities at laser wavelengths from
630-2000 nm, including 5.6 W CW at 2.0 um, and is therefore
uniquely qualified to complete the proposed research.
An important commercial application is as an efficient pump for
Ho-doped solid state lasers which are useful for LIDAR
applications (i.e., windshear measurement, etc.). Revolutionary
medical applications dealing with tissue cutting and welding are
also possible.
laser diode, high-power, semiconductor HO:YAG LIDAR
Project Title:
Laser Micromachining for Rapid Manufacture of Diffractive Optical
Potomac Photonics, Inc.
4445 Nicole Drive
Lanham MD 20706
93-1 08.23 3031 Amount Requested $69,941
Laser Micromachining for Rapid Manufacture of Diffractive Optical
Components
Abstract:
We propose proof-of-principle experiments that will lead to a
unique tool that will play a major role in the development and
implementation of diffractive optics in the next decade. Waveguide
excimer laser technology will be used to directly etch diffractive
phase gratings onto the substrate surface without intervening masks
or complex chemical processing. This tool will be a completely
integrated computer-aided design and computer-aided micro-machining
workstation that will extend the benefits of diffractive optics
technology to optical designers on a scale never before possible.
With a single computer-based system, the engineer will be able to
design, optimize, manufacture, measure, and refine diffractive
optical elements of arbitrary structure on virtually any 2-D or 3-D
surface. At the same time, the projected affordability and
simplicity will put this tool within the reach of many designers
and fabricators of optical components who are now forced to forego
the advantages of diffractive elements in their optical designs due
to the staggering development costs associated with conventional
microlithographic methods.
Applications of diffractive optics include sensors and monitoring
equipment, analytical instruments, fiberoptic distribution and
communication, neural networks and optical computing, lasers and
laser instrumentation, pattern recognition, displays, and
information storage. The proposed system will help to remove the
financial and technical roadblocks that heretofore have stifled
widespread development and implementation of these novel
structures.
diffractive optics, micromachining, laser processing, phase
gratings
Project Title:
Dynamic Tunable Diffractive Optical Elements
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196
93-1 08.23 3200 Amount Requested $70,000
Dynamic Tunable Diffractive Optical Elements
Abstract:
Diffractive optics has emerged as a valuable new technology for
solving design problems in imaging, optical beam control,
adaptive optics, and other important applications. Light weight and
compact size diffractive elements offer particularly important benefits
for space environments. Foster-Miller proposes to demonstrate in
Phase I of this program, a completely unique extension to diffractive
optics technology: voltage controlled or tunable diffractive
optical elements. The element will be fabricated by laser
writing a diffractive pattern in a novel photopolymer currently being
exploited by Foster-Miller in cooperation with Polaroid
Corporation. The unique pore structure of this film allows
liquid crystals to be incorporated into selected regions of the film.
An applied voltage varies the effective refractive index of the
LC/DMP composite and directly controls the element diffraction
efficiency. Multiple elements can be combined for beam steering,
dynamic lens focusing, and many other potentially important
applications for tunable diffractive elements. In Phase II a
diffractive optic facility will be established employing a laser
microlithography system to fabricate and test novel diffractive
elements.
Phase III commercialization follows directly from the service facility
established in Phase II, consisting of a prototyping service for
scientists and initial production and sale of diffractive
elements.
Diffractive optics and the tunable diffractive elements proposed
by Foster-Miller have vast potential commercial applications in
optical imaging, laser beam control and shaping, and optical
interconnects for electronic processors, optical memories and
optical processing. The small size and weight are important for
aircraft and consumer items such as cameras. Compact tunable
elements will be used in planar optics and for accessing 2D and
3D optical storage. The growing nationwide high speed fiber
communications network will increase demand for active connection
devices based on tunable elements.
Diffractive Binary Optics, Optical Switching, Tunable Lens,
Photopolymer
Project Title:
Miniaturized Displacement Sensor for Active and Adaptive Optics
System Specialists, Inc.
3125 E. 47th Street
Tucson, AZ 85713
93-1-08.24-7513
Miniaturized Displacement Sensor for Active and Adaptive Optics
Abstract:
We propose development of a miniaturized displacement sensor
suitable in size and cost for mass-quantity use in adaptive and
active optics applications. These sensors will be designed for
the very high resolution required for precise control of local
mirror shapes, segment location, and edge detection. The
technology proposed uses a laser diode emitter/optics and
position-sensing photodetector/optics receiver to achieve a
non-contact absolute distance displacement sensor. The proposers
manufacture displacement sensors based on this general technology
already, but the size and cost preclude large quantity
application to adaptive optics instruments. By using miniature
replicated optics, small laser diodes, and the now available
miniature position-sensing photodetectors, a hybrid sensor will
be developed which can provide resolution to 1nm (0.04microinch)
and accuracy of lOnm. The inherent high electrical bandwidth
allows real time atmospheric turbulence correction in closed loop
control systems. Objectives, effort, and results: A detailed
prototype design is planned. Specifically, we will fabricate a
demonstration model which measures +lOO micrometers displacement.
Phase I addresses the sensor head and the linearization of its
analog output. The current availability of the first generation
digitization eleetronies makes the transition to Phase II
low-risk.
Tip/tilt mirror systems used to compensate for the effects of
atmospheric turbulence, aberrations, wavefront tilt, and optical
path alignment are important to astronomy, satellite tracking,
and optical communications. Using feedback derived from
artificial guide stars, the proposed sensors can be used as an
integral part of the mirror-deforming control for these
applications. The proposed research will advance these systems.
Metrology, adaptive optics, active optics, miniature displacement
sensor
Project Title:
High-Precision Interferometer for Deformable Mirror
Industrial Sensors & Actuators
400 Hester Street
San Leandro, CA 94577
93-1 08.24 7720 Amount Requested $70,000
High-Precision Interferometer for Deformable Mirror
Testing
Abstract:
Deformable mirrors have played a significant role in compensation
of propagation path errors in ground based imaging and power
projection systems. New and unique applications are being
developed for photolithography and space based telescopes and
real time diagnostic interferometers are required for control and
analysis of their figure changes. Development of extensions of
the frequency shifting interferometric techniques can meet all
of the stressing requirements for obtaining these measurements
including temporal resolutions below 10 microseconds, phase
resolutions below 1/1000 wave, and spatial resolutions to 10
microns. Yet further extensions of this technology would allow
testing of the aspheric optical figure of mirrors such as the
Hubble without the use of the troublesome null lens. Extensions
of this technology can play a significant role in diagnoses and
control of adaptive optical systems and testing of large aspheres
without the use of a null lens.
High-precision interferometer, digital heterodyne interferometer,
deformable mirror testing
Project Title:
NOVEL MULTILAYER BROADBAND HARD X-RAY OPTICAL SYSTEM
World-wide Innovative Technology Corporation
P.O. Box 7146
Huntsville, Alabama 35807-1146
93-1-08 26 3070
NOVEL MULTILAYER BROADBAND HARD X-RAY OPTICAL SYSTEM
Abstract:
The proposed program will enable the extension of the existing
Multilayer X-Ray "optics", from soft X-Rays to the hard X-Ray
regime. This will be accomplished through the development of a
new deposition process based on sol-gel techniques, which will
allow for the deposition of uniform and homogeneous thin films,
over large or small surfaces, over flat or odd shaped
geometries, with atomically sharp interlayer boundaries, in a low
cost process. This is an innovation beyond existing deposition
processes which are based on vapor deposition and therefore can
not produce atomically sharp boundaries and are difficult to
scale up to large odd shaped surfaces. The existing multilayer
designs are based on elemental materials of high Z/low Z. We will
expand the choice of materials to high Z/low Z compounds. This
will allow additional degrees of freedom in optimization of the
hard X-Ray optical parameters of choice.
In addition to applications in astrophysics, hard X-Ray optical
components to be developed in this program have applications in
industry (X-Ray lithography) and in medicine (tumor diagnosis and
treatment). Major breakthroughs in manufacturing processes of IC
components, and the development of new medical instrumentation
will result.
This program will develop materials and processes for X-Ray
optical components which will expand the state-of-the-art and
facilitate the application of X-Rays to low cost processes in
X-Ray lithography of IC components without the use of a
synchrotron, to medical diagnosis and tumor treatment, as well
as, the construction of telescopes for X-Ray astronomy.
X-Ray Imaging, Sol-gel, Multilayer Reflectors, Hard X-Ray Optics,
X-Ray Lithography, X-Ray medical instrumentation, Hard X-Ray
telescopes
Project Title:
A 20 to 100 keV X-ray Telescope Using Multilayer Optics
Radiation Science, Inc.
P.O. Box 293
Belmont, MA 02178
93-1-08.26-7076
A 20 to 100 keV X-ray Telescope Using Multilayer Optics
Abstract:
Radiation Science proposes to design and build a prototype, broad
band hard X-ray telescope for flight on a balloon payload. The
telescope will focus X-rays with energies between 10 and 100 keV.
The reflecting surfaces will consist of multilayer diffractors
composed of bilayers whose period varies as a function of depth.
The diffractors will be deposited on smooth, flat substrates
arranged as a planar approximation to a Kirkpatrick-Baez grazing
incidence telescope. To our knowledge, this will be the first
focussing telescope in this energy range. Phase I will be a
conceptual design study of the telescope. The design will be
based on previous Kirkpatrick-Baez telescope designs and on prior
work on depth-graded multilayers. The energy range, focal length,
and image scale of the telescope will be chosen to interface with
the balloon payload and the spectroscopic imaging detector. We
will consider the specification of the multilayer coatings, the
selection of an appropriate substrate material, and the design of
the mirror mount and the optical bench. The spatial resolution
and effective area will be estimated as a function of energy. The
size, weight, and cost of the telescope will be estimated.
This project will demonstrate the value of using graded period
multilayer diffractors as grazing incidence hard X-ray
reflectors. Graded period multilayer reflectors could be put to
use immediately as reflectors in synchrotron radiation beam lines
and as beam deflectors for fusion plasma diagnostics. Other
potential applications include X-ray microanalysis, medical
radiography, and the manufacture of micro-machines.
hard X-rays, multilayers, X-ray telescopes.
Project Title:
Stable Diode Laser Source at 1.6 Micron
OPTRA, Inc.
461 Boston Street
Topsfield, MA 01983
93-1-08 27 6600
Stable Diode Laser Source at 1.6 Micron
Abstract:
OPTRA will demonstrate the feasibility of stabilizing the
wavelength and frequency of a 1.6 micron laser diode to an
accuracy of 1 part in 109 (200 kHz). Key to the approach is the
use of a frequency discriminator based on the zero phase point of
the anomalous dispersion curve of a gas absorption line (in this
case CO2). This phase is measured, without the need of any
frequency dither, through use of an ultra stable interferometeric
phase without being affected by laser intensity noise. The
technique can also be adapted to any laser wavelength presently
commercially available or future ones under development. The
design will be compact and require little electrical power,
likely less than 1 watt and which includes that required for a TE
cooler/heater to maintain the operating point of the laser diode.
The device will produce more than 1 mWatt of optical power from a
single mode polarization preserving optical fiber.
An absolute wavelength stabilized source of moderate power is
attractive as a source for metrology in such commercial processes
as high resolution lithography and diamond turning of optics. It
can also serve as a convenient source for calibrating settings of
diffraction gratings and other wavelength defining elements.
Research applications are in the area of high resolution
spectroscopy and for studying laser cooling of atoms.
Laser Diode, Wavelength Standard, Stabilization Absorption,
Anomalous Dispersion
Project Title:
Superconducting Tunnel Junctions for High Energy Resolution X-ray
HYPRES, Inc.
175 Clearbrook Road
Elmsford, NY 10523
93-1 08.28 1190 AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,714.00
Superconducting Tunnel Junctions for High Energy Resolution X-ray
Detectors
Abstract:
Compact, high energy resolution X-ray detectors are required for
spaced based X-ray astronomy. Superconducting tunnel junction
(STJ) X-ray sensors, based on the collection of quasiparticles
produced by the absorption of X-ray photons, will allow the
construction of X-ray spectrometers with better than an order of
magnitude improvement in energy resolution over state of the art
semiconducting PIN devices, at a small fraction of the weight of
conventional systems. The development of these detectors
represents an innovation in X-ray detectors because of their light
weight and high energy resolution, making them ideal for use on
spaced based platforms. Furthermore, thin film STJ X-ray detectors
will have important commercial applications in X-ray spectrometers
on electron microprobe instruments, for elemental compositional
analysis of specimens through energy dispersive X-ray methods. The
objective of our research is the construction of STJ detectors with
an energy resolution in excess of 10 eV, for application in X-ray
spectroscopy.
It is anticiPated that support under the NASA SBIR program will
establish HYPRES as the first commercial source of reliable
monolithic STJ X-ray detectors with an energy resolution of better
than 10 eV. These sensors are in demand for use in X-ray
spectrometers on commercial electron microprobe instruments, for
elemental compositional analysis of specimens through energy
dispersive X-ray methods.
High Energy Resolution X-ray Detector, X-ray Compositional Analysis
Project Title:
CEM MICRO-INSTRUMENT FOR PARTICLE COUNTING AND PHOTOMETRY
ALTADENA INSTRUMENTS CORPORATION
55 WEST DEL MAR BOULEVARD
PASADENA CA 91105
93-1-08 28 1812
CEM MICRO-INSTRUMENT FOR PARTICLE COUNTING AND PHOTOMETRY
Abstract:
The innovations proposed permit an order-of-magnitude reduction
in resource requirements for Channel Electron Multiplier (CEM)
instruments by (1) replacing the traditional preamplifier and
discriminator with passive amplification and thresholding, (2)
utilizing novel accumulators for direct data compression and
pulse height distribution monitoring, and (3) optimizing the
instrument control and interface for use with an integrated
payload data system or companion instrument. These innovations
are compatible with advanced packaging technologies, implementing
a full instrument within the confines of a traditional instrument
head. The objectives of this program are to establish feasibility
and resources for a CEM-based instrument employing advanced
electronic components and circuit engineering to minimize the
most critical spacecraft resources: mass and power. Mass, power
and volume are directly reduced through advanced components and
circuit topologies. In addition, cost and schedule are reduced by
minimizing instrument complexity while implementing electronics
common to many CEM applications. The proposed effort will develop
and evaluate CEM instrument electronics to minimize resources
without sacrificing reliability or performance. Conceptual
packaging will be designed to assess the expected mass and volume
of a flight instrument.Traditional CEM-based instruments are
ill-suited for small spacecraft. These innovations enable the use
of CEM-based instruments on virtually all missions.
CEMs are widely used in laboratory- and space-based analytical
instruments for surface studies, mass spectrometry, W and X-ray
spectrometry, photometry, atomic physics, atmospheric research,
etc. The proposed innovations would reduce the complexity and
power consumption of such instruments, yielding more competitive
and lower cost products. Development of circuit modules based on
these innovations would enable low-cost university-level studies,
providing a complete instrument compatible with PC digital
interface cards.
ELECTRON MULTIPLIER, CEM, PARTICLE, PHOTON, COUNTER, MCP
Project Title:
Very Fine Line Grating Lithography
MOXTEK, Inc.
452 West 1260 North
Orem, UT 84057
93-1 08.29 0930 Amount Requested $70,000
Very Fine Line Grating Lithography
Abstract:
High performance optics for the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft
x-ray regions of the spectrum are technologically difficult.
Reflecting optics, often based on multilayer reflection, are the
only practical optic for most applications. MOXTEK has developed
considerable expertise in multilayers for use in soft x-ray and EUV
optics. The goal is to combine multilayers and other emerging
technologies to innovate and develop very fine line width (,0.1 ~m
period or 10,000 lines per mm) multilayer diffraction gratings for
the EUV and soft x-ray spectrum. We propose with this SBIR to
innovate and develop a fine line lithography technology to enable
the fabrication of these very fine line gratings. Technology
essential to fabricate useful, high spectral resolving power (>
10,000) diffractive and imaging optics for these wavelengths will
be the final result. These optics will provide the spectral
resolution to enable more accurate measurements, and a more
detailed understanding, of x-ray and EUV spectra and the phenomena
which produce radiation at these wavelengths. A side benefit of
this innovative research and development will be the ability to
fabricate other optics which are waiting for practical fine line
lithography, such as visible light wire grid polarizers.
MOXTEK is preparing to market multilayer soft x-ray diffraction
gratings for use in analytical instruments. The fine line gratings
which we will be able to fabricate using the lithographic
technology we propose to develop will be interesting to this same
market. Other optics will also be possible using this lithography
technology, such as visible light wire grid polarizers.
Nano-lithography, Nano-structures, Nano-machining, Multilayer
optics, Diffraction gratings, X-Ray Optics, EUV optics,
Spectroscopy
Project Title:
Photoelectrochemically Etched Microchannel Plates
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood, MA 02062
93-1-08.29-9450
Photoelectrochemically Etched Microchannel Plates
Abstract:
The microchannel plate (MCP) is one of the most important
components in spectroscopic systems for characterization of deep
space radiation such as the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer. The MCP
requires an array of high aspect ratio channels in a substrate
with conductors on the front and back faces. We propose a novel,
potentially rapid and highly economical method for fabricating
these structures using light-driven etching of silicon wafers.
The method promises to provide holes <10 um wide and with <5 um
walls, structures which cannot be achieved using presently known
chemical etching techniques. The availability of MCPs with such
high resolution channels and high fraction of channel to wall
space will enable much improved resolution over current cored
glass MCPs. Phase I will have the objective of demonstrating the
feasibility of photoelectrochemical etching of 10 x 10 um square
holes through a 50 um single crystal Si wafer and establishing
the minimum wall width for a favorable set of
photoelectrochemical etching parameters. Phase II would then be
directed at perfecting the process, extending it to larger areas,
and to processing the MCPs into full image intensifiers.
Microchannel plates have applications in astronomy, spectroscopy
and night and low light vision systems.
Microchannel Plate, Image Intensivier, Ultraviolet, Silicon,
Etching
Project Title:
CGH-LUPI Interferometer for Aspheric Figure Metrology
Diffraction International
11345 Highway 7, #421
Minneapolis, MN 55305-5300
93-1-08 29 9912
CGH-LUPI Interferometer for Aspheric Figure Metrology
Abstract:
We propose an innovative CGH-LUPI interferometer for high
accuracy figure metrology of deep aspheric optics. The CGH-LUPI
will use CGH-compensated Twyman-Green mode for testing of deep
aspherics, but will operate equally well in normal Twyman-Green
and Fizeau modes. It will differ significantly from previous
aspheric interferometers in two key aspects. First, its elegant
simplicity will allow easy operation and independent verification
of all aspects of system calibration. Second, the proposed
instrument will use affordable photomask quality CGH nulls to
produce aspheric wavefronts which are everywhere perpendicular to
the test optic. In a Phase I program, we propose to complete a
detailed optical and preliminary mechanical design of proposed
instrument. We also propose construction of a breadboard optical
model to demonstrate several key features of the CGH-LUPI
interferometer.
The proposed CGH-LUPI aspheric interferometer addresses current
and future testing needs of the optics industry. Users will
include manufacturers of custom aspheric, cylindrical, toroidal
and diamond-turned lenses and components. The market will also
include university and government laboratories plus purchasers of
aspheric components who need acceptance testing.
Interferometer, Aspheric Testing, Computer Generated Hologram,
CGH
Project Title:
Long Wave Photomultiplier (PMT)
EOO, Inc.
1412 Hamilton Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94301-3124
93-1-08 30 2826
Long Wave Photomultiplier (PMT)
Abstract:
The proposed work will develop a sensitive photodetector,
tailored for the 950 nm through 1100 nm region, with
photomultiplier characteristics. The innovative approach is the
use of a transferred electron photo-cathode intensified
photodiode (TE-IPD), consisting of an InP/InGaAlAs photo-cathode
whose output electrons are focused onto a high speed Avalanche
Photo-Diode (the device's anode) within a vacuum envelope.
Predicted performance includes a quantum efficiency of about 3%,
a noise factor of approximately 1.3, a rise time of about 200
picoseconds and a gain of greater than 20,000. The primary Phase
I objectives include the development of a prototype device with
these performance values, and its complete evaluation and
characterization. In Phase II, the photodetector will be
optimized, and tailored for specific applications. EOO, Inc. and
its subcontractor INTEVAC will perform the proposed work. Phase
II will provide five final-form 1060 nm sensitive
TE-IPD's.
Potential NASA applications include all its ranging projects --
the developed device could enhance ranging accuracy, simplify
optical designs and their implementation, and enable system
operation at eyesafe laser levels.
* Any system employing a 1064 nm (Nd:YAG) laser for ranging,
radar or communications.
* Photo-luminescence spectroscopy of long wavelength III-V
semi-conductors, used in fiber optic communication links.
* Fiber optic communications test equipment (Same device,
tailored for 1300/1500 nm).
OPTOELECTRONICS; PHOTODETECTOR; 1060 nm; PROTOTYPE; EVALUATION;
RANGING; RADAR; COMMUNICATION.
Project Title:
Robust Fiber Optic Communication System for Harsh Aerospace Environments
Photonics Research Incorporated
2402 Clover Basin Drive
Suite A
Longmont, CO 80503
93-1
Robust Fiber Optic Communication System for Harsh Aerospace Environments
Abstract:
In Phase I Photonics Research Incorporated proposes to design and
analyze a next generation (1 - 16,000 Mb/s) fiber optic data
transport system for spacecraft applications. In Phase II we will
construct the prototype system.
We will build on our expertise in telecommunication and computer
interconnects, guided-wave optics, and multi-wavelength
vertical-cavity surface emitting laser arrays. In Phase I we will
examine candidate architectures where a mix of data multiplexing
techniques (wavelength, space, and time) and a mix of innovative
optoelectronic components, multi-wavelength vertical-cavity
surface-emitting lasers and intelligent adaptive receivers are
employed to meet the specifications and requirements of aerospace
systems.
This communication link would be designed, through the choice of
components and architecture, to be robust with respect to component
failure, radiation and electromagnetic interference (EMI), large
temperature fluctuations, mechanical vibration and stress, and wide
manufacturing variations and operating conditions. The intent is
to better exploit the emerging strengths of guided-wave
optoelectronics, beyond simple transmission systems, while also
taking advantage of the strengths of conventional electronics.
The designed systems are intended to have large commercial product
potential and thus are inherently dual purpose. Implementation of
the proposed systems would provide the framework for several
fiber-optic network commercial products in local and wide area
networks. The estimated annual market size for short haul local and
wide area networks is in excess of $2.5B corresponding to 5,000
jobs within 5-7 years.
Fiber Optic Spacecraft Flight Systems; Wavelength Division
Multiplexing; Vertical Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser (LASE-ARRAYTM)
Project Title:
Superfluorescent Fiber Sources for Fiber Optic Gyroscopes
SDL, Inc.
80 Rose Orchard Way
San Jose, CA 95134
93-1-08 30 9411A
Superfluorescent Fiber Sources for Fiber Optic Gyroscopes
Abstract:
SDL, Inc. proposes to develop a high power, broadband
superfluorescent fiber source at 1.3 um for use in high
performance fiber optic gyroscopes. Output power exceeding 100 mW
in a single mode fiber with a smooth spectral bandwidth greater
than 20 nm and less than 5% spectral modulation is expected. This
new source combines the unique high power and proven reliability
of SDL laser diodes with newly emerging fiber technology. A
future commercial superfluorescent fiber could become a low-cost
source since the components are similar to those used in fiber
amplifiers for telecommunications. This approach has inherently
higher reliability than superluminescent diodes and is easier to
scale to higher broadband power. Since the light is generated
inside a single mode fiber, efficient coupling to fiber sensors
is assured and the output can be easily distributed to remote
locations via low loss fiber. High power superfluorescent sources
will be useful for ultra-sensitive fiber optic gyroscopes used in
space telescopes, satellites, space craft and terrestrial
vehicles.
Fiber optic gyroscopes (space, air, land and sea-based systems),
high sensitivity optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR),
eyesafe illumination.
Broadband Light Sources, Fiber Optic Sensors, Fiber Optic
Gyroscope, High Power Low Coherence Light Source, Diode Pumped,
MOPA Pumped Fiber Sources
Project Title:
Simulation of Electron and Ion Lenses for Mass Spectrometry
Princeton Electronic Systems
11 Glengarry Way
Cranbury, NJ 08512
93-108.31 2228 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $ 69,984.00
Simulation of Electron and Ion Lenses for Mass Spectrometry
Abstract:
Princeton Electronic Systems (PES), proposes to utilize the world's
most advanced 3-dimensional charged particle trajectory simulation
software available with Sarnoff to provide NASA with accurate
performance simulations of mass spectrometers used for detection
and measurement of planetary atmospheric constituents. PES proposes
a 3-phase program. Phase 1, a 6-month effort, will demonstrate the
capability of the software for mass spectrometric applications. The
software was developed over 30 years and with an investment of 50
million dollars, to provide highly accurate and comprehensive
analyses of performance of electron and ion lenses. Phase 2 effort
will validate the accuracy of the proprietary software by modeling
the detailed geometry and performance of a particular spectrometer
lens design and experimentally measuring the performance. Phase 2
will also lay the groundwork enabling NASA and its contractors to
submit requests for simulations and designs to be performed in the
future. In Phase 3, the software will be used in the design,
prototype fabrication, and manufacture of highly-portable and
compact, i.e. hand held mass spectrometers, which as commercial-
off-the-shelf products would be capable of revolutionizing and
expanding the current $500 million dollar commercial marketplace
and application areas for mass spectrometers. Benefits that NASA
will achieve include: improved sensitivity, light-weight
spectrometers for space payloads, enhanced recognition for efforts
with industry to develop and commercialize new products.
The results of the research will be used to build a highly
portable, compact, high sensitivity mass spectrometer which will
have a huge market potential and application in many areas
including chemical industry, drug trafficking interdiction,
pharmaceutical industry and general laboratory applications.
mass spectrometers, electron and ion optics, electron and ion
trajectories
Project Title:
Precision High Energy Radiation Collimators Using Foil Wrapping
Mega Engineering
10800 Lockwood Drive - Suite 205
Silver Spring, Maryland 20901
93-1-08 32 4778
Precision High Energy Radiation Collimators Using Foil Wrapping
Techniques
Abstract:
The proposed project will demonstrate the feasibility of
producing extremely accurate X-Ray collimators at relatively low
costs by using precision controlled tape-foil wrapping technique.
This technique accurately controls the flatness alignment and
slit spacing of these collimator elements by using controlled
slat tensions. The proposed technology is an outgrowth of
precision wire frame construction methods used on the Gamma Ray
Observatory's EGRET experiment. The fabrication is an improvement
over the electric discharge wire machining process and hand
lay-up methods currently used and provide a superior collimator
element compared to laser milled or neutron machined elements.
Commercial benefits for this project include possible use for
X-ray collimators, with applications in the medical and research
fields. Foil wrapping technology has applications to the
production of drift chambers and other detectors. It also can be
used to produce "air to air" heat exchanger elements, which allow
separation of the counterflowing air streams by thin foils.
Precision High Energy Radiation Collimators Foil Wrapping
Techniques
Project Title:
High Resolution, Low Taper Excimer Laser Machining of Thick
Resonetics, Inc.
4 Bud Way, Bldg. 21
Nashua, NH 03063
93-1-08 32 6772
High Resolution, Low Taper Excimer Laser Machining of Thick
Materials
Abstract:
Excimer lasers have been used commercially in manufacturing
environments for only about four years. Their utility lies in the
short wavelength and high resolution of the output, making it
possible to realize both high resolution features and high aspect
ratios, with very precise control over the machining process. An
optimization of process parameters is needed, however, before
many potential commercial applications can be realized. The goal
of this program is to completely investigate all of the necessary
parameters affecting the ability to use the excimer laser to
develop high aspect ratio, low taper angle, high resolution
features in metals as applied to NASA's current need for high
energy radiation collimators. Also, we will deliver
representative samples to prove the concept, necessary for Phase
II continuation, under which we will fabricate the end product
based on Phase I studies. It is anticipated that this study will
have great benefit for commercialization of other materials
processing applications.
The development of methods for machining thick materials with the
excimer laser, including metals, polymers and other inorganics
such as diamond and ceramics, will lead to an understanding of
how to use the beneficial characteristics of Excimer photons in
new ways and on new materials. Besides the obvious benefit to
high energy particle Physicists, commercial applications include
diamond cutting, print head fabrication and fiber optic
connectors.
Excimer lasers, Micromachining, U.V. Technology, High Energy
Particle Collimators
Project Title:
VIBRATION SENSOR USING 350 C SILICON CARBIDE INTERNAL
Vibra*Metrics, Inc.
1014 Sherman Avenue
Hamden, CT 06514
93-1-08 33 6158
VIBRATION SENSOR USING 350 C SILICON CARBIDE INTERNAL
CONDITIONING
Abstract:
1. Vibra*Metrics, Inc.'s proposed innovation is to eliminate the
two major temperature-related shortcomings of accelerometers by
designing a vibration sensor with internal conditioning that
operates to 350øC (well above the current 200øC). Processes
defined in this effort are applicable to many types of sensors.
2. The objectives are: a) to obtain and attach the SiC impedance
converter (FET) inside the vibration sensor, b) to design the
sensor components for 350øC, c) to characterize the performance
of the electronics and crystal separately and potentially as a
finished assembly.
3. The effort proposed is to use the Advanced Tactical Fighter
accelerometer design engineer (Pl) to obtain the SiC electronics
from one of the two domestic sources. He will design the sensor
components to withstand temperatures up to 350øC. The Pl will
attempt to assemble and characterize at least one prototype unit.
This will require the definition of unique assembly procedures.
4. Based on VMI's experience in high temperature accelerometers,
VMI expects to fully accomplish their objectives.
5. NASA applications include the ability to monitor dynamic
conditions in vehicle propulsion systems, engine compartments,
skin structure during re-entry, and furnace experiments. This
relates directly to safety critical and mission critical
controls, and to system reliability.
Commercial applications in markets VMI currently service include
nuclear power plants, stationary engines, the processing and
petro-chemical industries, downhole drilling, and others.
accelerometers, low impedance accelerometers, high temperature
electronics, and silicon carbide.
Project Title:
Application of the inversion Channel Technology for Electro-optic
Intelligent Automation, Inc.
1370 Piccard Drive, Suite 210
Rockville, MD 20850
93-1 08.34 2407 Amount Requested $69,386
Application of the inversion Channel Technology for Electro-optic
Interconnects Operating Over Wide Temperature Ranges
Abstract:
The Inversion Channel Technology is proposed as a solution for the
electro-optic interfaces used in space based operations that must
operate over a wide temperature range. This technology enables
monolithic integration of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers,
vertical cavity resonant detectors and high performance n-channel
field effect transistors to implement optoelectronic circuits. The
capability to integrate all of these devices is unique to the
Inversion Channel Technology and can provide cost effective
reliable electro-optic interfaces. The temperature insensitivity
of the vertical cavity surface emitting lasers has been established
in the literature, but within the Inversion Channel Technology this
is also coupled with the temperature insensitivity of the
electronics due to the large noise margins realized in this
technology. The Phase I work will involve the basic design of
simple electro-optic interfaces including electrical interfacing
with silicon based electronics and fiber links between electro-
optic modules. The expected benefits for NASA include high
performance, low weight electro-optic interconnects for space based
operations over wide temperature ranges.
High speed, light weight electro-optic communication links for
satellite based communications and data acquisition. Optical data
bases for multi-gigabit computer networks. Two-dimensional
reconfigurable transmission and receiving arrays for optical
processing and read/write memories.
temperature insensitivity, vertical cavity lasers, optoelectronics,
noise margins, interconnects
Project Title:
COATING MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONIC PACKAGING
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES ASSOCIATES
23015 Del Lago Drive, Suite D2-133
Laguna Hills, California 92653
93-1-08 35 1445
COATING MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONIC PACKAGING
Abstract:
The proposed innovation is to develop thin inorganic barrier
coatings to protect bare chip-on-substrate (COS) multichip
modules in lieu of normally used heavy and bulky ceramic/metal
cavity packages. Inorganic coatings will be deposited over
assembled microcircuits precoated with stress-free, high-purity
polymers, sealing them from external moisture and internal
outgassing. Previous work involved plastic encapsulation alone or
inorganic coatings followed by plastic encapsulation. These
approaches suffer from either non-hermeticity or exposure of the
assembled circuit to high deposition temperatures. Reversing the
sequence obviates these problems. This project will analyze and
select compatible inorganic and organic coatings to reliably
protect COS microelectronics from extreme terrestrial and space
environments. Based on Phase I, experimental validation of the
approach will be planned for Phase II. A 6-month effort
consisting of assessment, evaluation and selection of a COS
packaging approach for multichip modules and preliminary
experimental studies are proposed. This technology will provide
NASA and the commercial community with a weight/volume reduction
of 50-80% for each module-important in achieving NASA's goal for
the next generation of microspacecraft. There is also a potential
reliability improvement (interconnections will be reduced by 50%)
and cost reduction (eliminates large high-I/O count cavity
packages).
Potential commercial applications include both data processing
and telecommunications. Transportation (high-temperature
automotive), medical applications, and food packaging also
constitute large segments. Reduced-weight multichip modules will
be used extensively in microspacecraft of the future. The advent
of low cost multichip modules will result in high usage of these
products in advanced computers.
Inorganic Coatings Chip-On-Substrate (COS) Soxhlet Cleaning
Multichip Module Microspacecraft Polymer Electlonic Packaging
Project Title:
Low Cost Opto-Electronic Multichip Modules
Foster-Miller, Inc.
350 Second Avenue
Waltham, MA 02154-1196
93-1 08.36 3200 Amount Requested $69,096
Low Cost Opto-Electronic Multichip Modules
Abstract:
After decades of dramatic advances in optoelectronic device
performance, it is clear that the implementation of fiber optic
systems has been retarded by inadequate packaging technology.
Commercially available packaged components often suffer from
uncertain reliability, high unit cost and low functionality. Also,
the intrinsic performance of the device is frequently compromised
by parasitic element associated with poor packaging technology.
The program described in this proposal addresses the challenges
specific to optoelectronic device packaging. Foster-Miller intends
to develop a new and innovative packaging concept that promises to
satisfy reliability requirements, preserve device performance, and,
at the same time, offer a cost-effective approach to hybrid
integration. Cost reduction will be effected by, utilizing passive
alignment technique for optical I/O, and an innovative liquid
crystal polymer-based multichip packaging technology. Further cost
reduction, at the system level, will result from the increased
functionality and reliability of a multichip packaging approach.
The extension of the microelectronic MCM concept to the
optoelectronic MCM, or OMCM, is the core of the proposed program.
Foster-Miller believes that there are compelling reasons, rooted in
optimizing the mix of cost, performance and reliability, to adopt
the module discipline for optoelectronic packaging. The proposed
program in this Phase I effort will establish the foundation for
the next generation of optoelectronic subsystems.
This development has the potential to bring fiber-based
communication links to the desktop and to the home. Initial
commercial sectors will be high speed digital applications in
telecommunications and computers. Vendors of telephone switching
and transmission equipment and components such as GTE, AT&T will
benefit from this technology. While the digital applications will
be the highest volume, numerous analog or mixed signal applications
such as phased array radar, microwave backhaul, and antenna
remoting that are migrating to fiberoptic implementation will be
major beneficiaries of this development.
Multichip Modules, Packaging, Optoelectronics, Fibers, Passive
Alignment, Liquid Crystal Polymers
Project Title:
Airborne Infrared Spectroradiometer
Daedalus Enterprises, Inc.
P.O. Box 1869
Ann Arbor, MI 48106
93-1-08 37 5649
Airborne Infrared Spectroradiometer
Abstract:
The proposed work investigates the feasibility of designing and
building a high resolution spectroradiometer and integrating it
with the NASA-owned Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner
(TIMS). A limiting factor in the analysis of airborne
multispectral thermal infrared imagery, such as from TIMS, is the
effects of the atmosphere (between the sensor and scene) on the
data. Through a combination of atmospheric attenuation,
re-emission, scattering and sky reflectance the purity of the
spectra collected by such sensors is degraded. One approach to
correcting these factors is to fly a high resolution (1-4
wavenumber) spectroradiometer along with TIMS. If the data from
the two systems are co-registered, then these atmospheric effects
can be partly or wholly characterized and then corrected.
The proposed Airborne InfraRed Spectroradiometer (AIRS) will
accomplish these goals by collecting high resolution thermal
spectral data using a small cryogenically-cooled, rotary-scanned
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) that will fly with
TIMS. Data co-registration will be accomplished by simultaneously
acquiring: AIRS data, imagery from a visible/near-IR video camera
boresighted to the AIRS instrument, and TIMS imagery. The
boresighted camera data will allow the AIRS data and TIMS imagery
to be aligned in post processing by comparison of the ground
scene.
Besides the NASA TIMS, there are two commercial TIMS scanners as
well as a growing number of hyperspectral scanners that have a
need for atmospheric correction by an IR spectroradiometer. Other
airborne applications include commercial and military remote
sensing of the environment, chemical agents, drug laboratories,
and airborne and ground targets.
FTIR, Thermal Imagery, Atmospheric Correction, Interferometer,
TIMS
Project Title:
Neural Filtering for Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Sensor
Maryland Technology Corporation
10210 Sunway Terrace
Ellicott City, MD 21042
93-1-09 01 3158
Neural Filtering for Spacecraft Attitude Determination and Sensor
Calibration
Abstract:
A neural network approach to spacecraft attitude estimation and
sensor calibration and alignment is proposed. This general and
systematic approach will synthesize simulated attitude and sensor
data into a neural filter, which is expected to be optimal for
the given neural network architecture and to approach the optimal
filter in performance as the given neural network size increases.
The massively parallel processing capability of the neural filter
makes it ideally suitable for real-time in-flight application.
In the proposed work, such a neural filter will be developed for
a commonly used spacecraft attitude measuring unit, which is
composed of 3 single-axis gyros and 2 fixed head star trackers.
The developed neural filter will be able to perform attitude
estimation and sensor calibration and alignment in the presence
of the gyro misalignments and drifts and the star tracker
misalignments and observational errors. The performance of the
neural filter will be compared with that of the extended Kalman
filter in a Monte Carlo study. In view of its parallel processing
capability, a demonstration of the neural
filter's better performance will firmly establish the feasibility
of the proposed approach.
The general and systematic approach to real-time in-flight
spacecraft attitude determination and sensor calibration and
alignment is equally applicable to commercial communication
satellites.
spacecraft attitude determination, sensor calibration/alignment,
neural network
Project Title:
Gradiometry Attitude Measurement System (GAMS)
ITHACO, Inc.
735 W. Clinton St.
P.O. Box 6437
Ithaca, NY 14851-6437
93-1-09 01 7640
Gradiometry Attitude Measurement System (GAMS)
Abstract:
A program leading to the definition of a spaceborne attitude
determination system based upon gravity field measurements is
proposed. The specific innovation involves processing gravity
gradient measurements from a network of accelerometers. Precision
determination of attitude (0.003 degrees) can be expected at an
update rate of 10 Hz. This project addresses the need for a
high-accuracy, low-cost, low-power, and low-mass attitude
determination system for use on-board spacecraft, in particular
small momentum biased, nadir pointing satellites. The proposed
systems engineering consists of six tasks: 1) measurement error
analysis, 2) attitude determination accuracy definition, 3)
gradiometer survey and system electronic design definition, 4)
requirements for the satellite hardware suite, 5) attitude
determination flight software specifications, 6) planning for a
proof-of-concept demonstration to be executed under Phase II.
The expected benefits to NASA are numerous with the current trend
toward development of small, low-cost satellites.
The GAMS sensor will be marketed to prime contractors and other
private concerns that have a need for low-cost, precision
attitude determination.
GAMS, Gradiometer, Gradiometry, Attitude, Satellite, Systems,
Spacecraft
Project Title:
A Turn-Key Approach to Optimal Control Via Differential
Analytical Mechanics Associates, Inc.
17 Research Drive
Hampton, Virginia 23666-1398
93-1-09 02 0944
A Turn-Key Approach to Optimal Control Via Differential
Inclusion.
Abstract:
Recently, a new method for trajectory optimization was introduced
based on the concepts of differential inclusion and attainable
sets. This approach eliminates the control from the problem
formulation, and exhibits robust convergence even for singular
control problems. It thus shows great potential for application
to both short-term mission planning as well as onboard flight
computer implementation. However, extensive preprocessing is
required to reformulate the problem in the desired differential
inclusion format, and a significant amount of storage is
necessary to obtain high precision solutions. The objective of
this proposal is to alleviate or eliminate these limitations in
order to utilize the differential inclusion technique in a
turn-key manner to solve complex optimization problems for
advanced space transportation systems. In particular, three
innovative approaches shall be investigated:
1) Automatic reformulation of optimal control problems into
differential inclusion format by implicit elimination of control
variables.
2) An extrapolation method for the calculation of high-accuracy
solutions with modest storage requirements.
3) An iterative high-accuracy technique based on solving
computationally inexpensive micro problems on overlapping
subintervals along the optimal trajectory.
Finally, innovative methods for automatic costate calculation are
proposed to enable the generation of optimal control solutions
based on Pontryagin's Minimum Principle.
Operational determination of optimal and near-optimal ascent
profiles for launch vehicles. Trajectory and maneuver
optimization, and mission planning for planetary and
interplanetary space flight. Areas of industrial and civil
engineering, business and economics, etc, where time-varying
control inputs are required for output optimization.
Optimal Control, Differential Inclusion, Trajectory Optimization,
Robust Convergence.
Project Title:
Neural Nets & Adaptive Reconfigurable Spacecraft Guidance and
Scientific Systems Company, Inc.
500 West Cummings Park
Suite 3950
Woburn, MA 01801
93-1-09 03 5355
Neural Nets & Adaptive Reconfigurable Spacecraft Guidance and
Control under Failure Conditions
Abstract:
Future NASA space missions call for unprecedented levels of
precision and reliability. Space Structures like other
engineering systems, will suffer from unexpected failures and
environmental disturbances. Although a large number of control
subsystems are used to nullify or ameliorate the effects of such
events, a health monitoring and supervisory control system is
required to constantly monitor the operating status of each of
these subsystems. Whenever a failure is predicted, the supervisor
will take corrective actions. A new technique is proposed here
for health monitoring and supervisory control which combines
techniques from the areas of Artificial Neural Nets (ANN) and
Robust Stochastic Control Theory. The proposed Phase I effort
will consist of the following tasks: (i) Identify and develop an
architecture for the health monitoring and supervisory control
system, (ii) Identify and develop techniques for detection and
classification using ANN after preprocessing by Extended Kalman
Filtering and Principal Component Analysis, (iii) Identify and
develop techniques for adaptive reconfiguration of control under
failure conditions, and (iv) Demonstrate the detection,
classification and reconfiguration for a sensor/actuator failure
on a NASA Test Article case study simulation. During Phase II,
other types of failures will be considered and the software will
be implemented on line and tested on a NASA Test Article.
The concepts of health monitoring and supervisory control can be
applied to solve wide range of problems such as those encountered
in factories, electric utilities and other large facilities.
Factories, for example, utilize many processes consisting of men
and machines, which can be decomposed in various layers.
Supervisory control can be exercised on each layer for efficient
operation. Similarly, in an electric power system, health
monitoring and supervisory control is needed for the reliable
operation of the massively large number of interconnected
subsystems.
Supervisory Control, Health Monitoring, Artificial Neural
Network, Stochastic Realization Theory
Project Title:
Innovative Design for Stationary Plasma Thrusters
NumerEx
1400 Central Ave., SE, Suite 2000
Albuquerque, NM 87106-4811
93-1-09.06-0074
Innovative Design for Stationary Plasma Thrusters
Abstract:
We propose to use the mature MHD production code, MACH2, to
augment the existing analytic and experimental research and
development of the Stationary Plasma Thruster (SPT). The SPT is a
Hall-type thruster of very high efficiency, making it a promising
candidate for the propulsion of microspacecraft on interplanetary
missions. We view this approach as innovative since it will
allow, for the first time, all of the relevant aspects of this
thruster concept to be investigated in a single, self-consistent
computational framework. There is no other available code which
can include the geometries, field components, and physical models
relevant to the SPT and similar applied-field Hall thrusters.
This effort will result in significant advances in the
understanding and design of the SPT, enabling it to become a
useful tool for NASA interplanetary requirements.
The specialization of MACH2 to electric thruster technology will
result in a software package that will be licensed to commercial
satellite concerns. The research expertise developed likewise
will be commercially distributed both to commercial and
government concerns.
Hall thruster, electric propulsion, numerical simulation, MHD
Project Title:
Ultra Light Weight Low-Cost Star Tracker
Microcosm, Inc.
2601 Airport Drive
Suite 230
Torrance, CA 90505
93-1 09.06 9444 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,493.00
Ultra Light Weight Low-Cost Star Tracker
Abstract:
In cooperation with Northrop Corporation, Microcosm proposes a
program to develop a star tracker based on the Mini-OWLS three axis
miniaturized telescope. The Mini-OWLS optical head, developed and
patented by Northrop, weighs only 18 grams and can track 6th
magnitude stars with an accuracy of 10 arc seconds. The final
weight and power of the complete system, estimated at 3 W and less
than 0.5 kg, will depend essentially on the microminiaturization of
the electronics and the processing algorithm complexity which
determines the computational requirements. The recurring sensor
cost is expected to be less than 10% of the cost of current units.
While the importance of this development will be greatest in
interplanetary flight and other applications where weight is
critical, it can also help initiate a new generation of small, low-
cost, high-accuracy, Earth-orbiting spacecraft. In Phase I,
Microcosm will undertake definition of requirements for a general
purpose scientific/military/ commercial star tracker, do the system
engineering to establish the feasibility of meeting these
requirements with the Mini-OWLS technology, and define a
programmatic structure for Phase II and Phase III to bring this
technology into operational use as rapidly as possible.
A successful Mini-OWLS star tracker could become the basis for new,
standard, attitude determination systems applicable to commercial,
scientific, and military spacecraft in interplanetary,
geosynchronous, and low-Earth orbits at costs an order of magnitude
lower than those of current systems.
Miniature Star Tracker, Attitude Determination, Star Sensors,
Microspacecraft
Project Title:
Space Power, Inc.
621 River Oaks Parkway
San Jose, CA 95134
93-1-09 06 9500
ION THRUSTER PCU
Abstract:
We propose to use innovative techniques including current mode
switching, which is ideal for short-circuit protection;
asymmetric regulator, which is ideal for high power switching;
and simplified ion thruster PCU design, which is recently
proposed~by NASA to develop an ion thruster PCU that is compact,
light-weight, efficient, and reliable. The objective of the Phase
I program to use demonstrate the advantageous use of the above
mentioned innovative technique in the ion thruster PCU. A full
scale breadboard with all the key components will be constructed
to evaluate the proposed approach. Weight and size estimate of
the flight system will also be made based on the breadboard
performance. The successful result of the Phase II program will
be a flight qualifiable ion thruster PCU that has a good
potential to meet the need of the microspacecraft for solar
system exploration.
The use of ion thruster in commercial satellites can prolong the
useful lifetime of satellites. The ion thruster in the Nuclear
Electric Propulsion Space Test Program (NEPSTP) will help put the
ion thruster into commercial satellites. The commercial
application of the ion thruster is not limited in US. Japan,
Germany, and Italy are also interested and working in the ion
thruster technology. The market potential of such a compact,
efficient ion thruster PCU is enormous.
Ion Thruster PCU, High Efficiency, Asymmetric Regulator,
Current-mode
Project Title:
DYNATHERM CORPORATION
1 Beaver Court
P.O. Box 398
Cockeysville, MD 21030
93-1 09.07 7500 Amount Requested $69,978
Cryogenic Loop Heat Pipe
Abstract:
Cryogenic heat pipes are typically characterized by their low heat
transport capability, resulting from the low surface tension and
the low latent heat of their working fluids. These heat transfer
limits restrict the amount of heat which can be removed from the
device being cooled and/or the allowable separation between the
heat source and the sink. Loop Heat Pipes offer significant
improvements in heat transport over conventional heat pipes, due to
their fine-pored wick structures and liquid and vapor transport
lines which are optimized to minimize pressure drop. Loop Heat
Pipes have demonstrated their performance advantages at ambient
temperature, and have proven to be self-priming, reliable heat
transfer devices. The primary goal of the proposed program is to
extend this technology to cryogenic temperatures while maintaining
the reliability of the ambient temperature devices.
A prototype Loop Heat Pipe will be developed in Phase I, with the
design goal of improving heat transport capability over state-of-
the-art cryogenic heat pipes by an order of magnitude or more.
Demonstration tests will characterize the prototype's steady state
performance capabilities, as well as its startup behavior. The
test results will also be used to validate/update existing
analytical models.
A cryogenic Loop Heat Pipe offers the potential to substantially
increase heat transport and reduce sensitivity to acceleration,
providing potential users with considerable design flexibility in
the separation and relative location of cryogenic sources and sinks
in either microgravity and terrestrial environments.
Commercialization opportunities have been discussed with
cryorefrigerator manufacturers. Also supercomputer microprocessors
have a need for similar devices to be used for cooling at -50 to
0@C.
Cryogenic Heat Transport, Loop Heat Pipe
Project Title:
Variable Emittance Coatings
EIC Laboratories, Inc.
111 Downey Street
Norwood, MA 02062
93-1-09 07 9450
Variable Emittance Coatings
Abstract:
The development of coatings with electrically tunable infrared
emittance for controlling radiant heat transfer in the space
environment is proposed. The emittance modulation is achieved
using electrochromic materials whose infrared reflectance can be
continuously and reversibly modulated. The coatings have a
multilayer, thin film structure that allows emittance to be
switched in response to a low voltage DC signal. Innovations in
electrochromic materials, infrared transparent electrical
contacts, and vacuum deposition processes which allow fabrication
of the coatings with a large emittance modulation are proposed.
The objective of the Phase I program is the fabrication and
characterization of variable emittance coatings employing
crystalline LixWO3 as the variable reflectance component.
Emittance switching between ~0.2-0.8 in the 3-14 um wavelength
range is sought for Phase I coatings. The coatings may be
attached to external surfaces of spacecraft, individual
instrument packages, or on radiator surfaces. They will allow a
non-mechanical means of temperature control and heat distribution
through radiant transfer between exterior and interior surfaces.
These capabilities should greatly enhance the performance and
flexibility of thermal management systems without adding
significant weight or complexity.
Commercial application of variable emittance coatings for radiant
heat transfer control in a variety of space structures and
vehicles is anticipated. The technology is applicable to non-
government use in automobile rear-view mirrors and sunroofs as
well as many diverse applications ranging from architectural
glazings to eyewear.
Emittance modulation, electrochromism, radiant-heat-transfer,
vacuum deposition, satellites.
Project Title:
Space Stable Electrically Conductive Thermal Control Coatings
AZ Technology, Inc.
3322 Memorial Parkway SW, Suite 93
Huntsville, AL 35801
93-1-09 08 7481
Space Stable Electrically Conductive Thermal Control Coatings
Abstract:
We propose to develop an innovative class of electrically
conductive thermal control coatings (both white and black). This
will be accomplished through the use of current state-of-the-art
organo-metallic, sol-gel techniques and the use of
state-of-the-art solid state physics, chemical sciences and
computer modeling techniques. The proposed effort will explore
the feasibility to produce coatings that will have electrical
resistivities several orders of magnitude below those typically
in current use. The ultimate objective of this program is to
develop electrically conductive coatings that will have stable
electrical properties while maintaining the desired solar
absorptance and high thermal emittance over long periods of
exposure to the hostile space environment. The effort proposed
encompasses the use of state-of-the-art science and technology to
determine the feasibility of producing highly electrically
conductive pigments and coatings in laboratory quantities and to
evaluate the feasibility of designing the most effective coatings
through the use of computer modeling techniques. The anticipated
results are a number of electrically effective, space stable
coatings that can be confidently used by NASA and the aerospace
industry in general to provide protection to spacecraft from
electrical charge build-up and solar heating problems in a single
coating system.
The successful development of the proposed coatings will have a
major positive impact on U.S. commercial space industry by
improving the performance characteristics, lowering system weight
and increasing the longevity of satellite systems. There is
commercial application potential in the communications satellite,
remote sensing, radar and similar industries.
Thermal control, white, electrically conductive spacecraft
coating
Project Title:
Conductive Thermal Control Coating via the Sol-Gel Process
CHEMAT TECHNOLOGY, INC.
19365 Business Center Drive, #8
CA 91324
93-1 09.08 9786 Amount Requested $70,000ú00
Conductive Thermal Control Coating via the Sol-Gel Process
with Electrically Modified Optical Properties
Abstract:
Sol-gel processing has been proved to be a successful route to make
diverse ceramic coatings. In this research, a composite ceramic
coating via the sol gel process has been proposed, with the
transition metal oxides (ZnO, FeTiO3, VO2) spherical partical
particles having the required optical properties for spacecraft
thermal control, and tin oxide (SnO2) matrix provides high
electrical conductivity (up to 103Q-1cm-l) for electrostatic
discharge control. Also, these dispersing materials have
electrically modified optical properties, thus resulting the
optical properties of the coatings being modified electrically.
The conductive thermal coatings are used for the control of the
thermal environment of a spacecraft. If the proposed coating is
successfully fabricated, it will provide a coating with the wide
range of the D optical properties to spacecraft designers. These
coatings can be used in tethered satellites and all other
commercial spacecrafts.
Thermal control, conductive, coating, composites, Sol-gel
Project Title:
Next Generation Thermal Radiation Analyzer for CAD Systems
Cullimore and Ring Technologies, Inc.
49 Dawn Heath Circle
Littleton, Colorado 80127-4303
93-1-09 09 0292
Next Generation Thermal Radiation Analyzer for CAD Systems
Abstract:
Thermal radiation analysis currently exists in isolation from
other design tools. There are no interfaces to modern computer aided
design (CAD) solid geometry programs. Radiation models are built
from scratch using antiquated graphic systems that provide no
geometric Boolean operations and only limited screen manipulation
options. The best strategy for both improving radiation modeling
and making it amenable to concurrent engineering is to leave
graphic modeling to the CAD experts and build radiation analysis
tools that take advantage of the existing CAD systems. We will
create a radiation environment analyzer that will interface to
existing CAD systems, thereby integrating thermal radiation
analysis and product design. This tool will use the latest
innovations in form factor calculations from computer graphics
disciplines along with our own innovations in thermal radiation
calculations. These advanced methods will be implemented using a
new object oriented approach that will allow us to analyze
large-scale radiation systems and overcome the speed and
flexibility problems inherent in existing radiation analyzers.
The resulting product will complement our existing thermal analysis
products, and will find an immediate market in the aerospace
industry for space and launch vehicle design. It also has
applications to (1) energy conservation in building design and
retrofit, (2) solar power systems, and (3) advanced batteries for
electric and hybrid vehicles. Phase III will be self-supporting.
Concurrent engineering, computer aided design, thermal radiation,
simulation, visualization, thermal control, heat transfer.
Project Title:
Miniature Adsorption Blast Freezer for Use in Space
Rocky Research
POB 61800
Boulder City, NV 89006-1800
93-1 09.09 0851 Amount Requested $70,000.00
Miniature Adsorption Blast Freezer for Use in Space
Abstract:
Adsorption refrigeration using ammoniated complex compounds as the
absorbent media can be used for miniature portable blast freezers.
This is possible because the technology allows low evaporator
temperatures without staging, is scalable to small sizes, and has
high reliability because the only moving parts are check valves.
Compared to vapor compression or other sorption refrigeration
systems, the technology is smaller, lighter, more reliable, and
provides enhanced safety. The system is fully hermetic and minimal
free (unadsorbed) refrigerant inventory.
Phase I will provide a fully operational proof-of-concept blast
freezer with cold-box volume of =1ft3, and will be capable of
freezing 1/2 pound of water in 10 minutes. Phase II will perform
optimization on sorbers and other components to minimize system
weight and increase efficiency . At the end of Phase II, one or
more prototypes will be delivered to NASA.
A blast freezer the size of a portable cooler could be used in
space to rapidly freeze biological samples for storage and return
to earth. Rapid freezing will preserve the sample in its original
state and avoid cell damage which results from slow freezing.
Commercial applications include a microwave-sized home appliance
for quickly making ice cubes, cooling drinks, freezing desserts,
freezing fruits and vegetables without the damage induced by slow
freezing, etc. Other possibilities include quick-freeze of
transplant organs, possibly even by EMTs with an appliance carried
in the ambulance, and devices for rapid freezing of biological and
environmental samples to preserve their condition at the time of
sampling.
Refrigeration, Adsorption, Absorption, Blast Freezing
Project Title:
93-1 09.09 9550 __ AMOUNT REQUESTED $70,000
A ZERO-G SPACECRAFT REFRIGERATION SYSTEM USING AIR AS THE
REFRIGERANT
This innovation is a Zero-G Spacecraft Refrigeration that uses air
as the refrigerant. It is an innovation because it replaces ozone -
destroying and potentially toxic CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon)
refrigerants with safe, inert, ordinary air. It also has the
capability to recharge itself on-orbit using spacecraft cabin air.
It is relevant to the subject subtopic because it provides
refrigeration in the required temperature range which is safe,
efficient, cost effective, operates in Zero-G, and uses an
appropriate working fluid. The objective of Phase I is to
demonstrate the technical feasibility of this concept through
analyses/trades, preliminary design, and comparison with existing
CFC-based and Helium - based systems. The objectives of Phase II
are to do detailed design, fabrication and testing of air-based
units. A six month effort is proposed. Results of Phase I are
expected to show that this concept is feasible and should be
pursued into Phase II. This concept is applicable to NASA Zero-G
spacecraft food refrigerator/freezers, lab-freezers, freeze dryers,
cryogenic storage, biological sample preservation/storage and
protein crystal growth experiments on SSF and other NASA Projects
for years to come.
This Air-based refrigeration concept has potential commercial
applications in home refrigerator/freezers, home, industrial,
office, and auto air conditioning, computer and electronics
cooling, food industry preservation, storage and transportation and
in medical equipment, because it is safe, cost effective and uses
no ozone-destroying CFC's.
REFRIGERATION, ZERO-G, AIR, SPACECRAFT, STIRLING
DEAN APPLIED TECHNOLOGY CO., INC.
6720 STEEPLECHASE DR.
HUNTSVILLE, AL. 35806
Abstract:
Project Title:
Multiple Constituent Thermal/Fluid Simulation for Multiple
Cullimore and Ring Technologies, Inc.
49 Dawn Heath Circle
Littleton Colorado 80127-4303
93-1-09 10 0292
Multiple Constituent Thermal/Fluid Simulation for Multiple
Disciplines
Abstract:
Ambitious endeavors such as Lunar bases and manned Mars
exploration will be possible only if integrated designs can be
produced that maximize limited resources. Such concurrent
engineering cannot proceed until diverse disciplines are able
either to share computer-aided design tools or to easily exchange
design and performance information between different tools. The
former solution is superior since it eliminates loss of
information and enables system-level simulations. We can achieve
this ideal within the interrelated disciplines of thermal
control, life support, power generation, and propulsion. NASA has
already developed a generalized design tool that is the standard
for thermal control analyses and that has been applied in other
disciplines as well. By adding the ability to simulate
nonreacting multiple-constituent flows, we will create a tool
that satisfies the analytic needs of a wider range of disciplines
and subsystems. Such a major expansion of analytic capabilities
also expedites commercialization which is already in progress.
The resulting products will be immediately marketable since they
fill a current void in the aerospace industry. They will also
find application in (1) heating, ventilating, and air
conditioning (HVAC) systems, (2) natural gas sweetening, (3)
cogeneration systems,(4) compact breathing apparatus for rescue
operations and hazardous environments, and (5) petrochemical
product distribution networks. Phase III will be self-supporting.
Concurrent engineering, multicomponent flow, thermal/fluid,
simulation, thermal control, environmental control, propulsion.
Project Title:
Manned Spacecraft External Thermal Control Using the Johnson
Johnson Research & Development Co., Inc.
1640 Roswell Street, Suite J
Smyrna, GA 30080
93-1-09.10-2201
Manned Spacecraft External Thermal Control Using the Johnson
TubeTM Heat Pump
Abstract:
This proposal is submitted by Johnson Research and Development
Company, Inc., in collaboration with the Georgia Institute of
Technoloqy. The proposed research comprises both analytical and
experimental activities, including the construction and operation
of a proof-of-concept experiment. The research will establish the
feasibility of applying the patented Johnson TubeTM heat pump to
external thermal control in manned spacecraft. This innovative
device is very attractive for space applications due to its high
efficiency, simplicity, low weight/power ratio, and few moving
parts. Its efficiency theoretically approaches that of a Carnot
cycle.
The working fluid in a high-pressure compressed liquid state jets
through a nozzle, where it flashes and its temperature is reduced
as its velocitY increases to supersonic speeds. The resulting
vapor-droplet mixture absorbs heat from the cooled space, and is
then decelerated and compressed to an intermediate pressure
liquid state as it flows through a recuperatively-heated diffuser
followed by an adiabatic diffuser. The fluid then rejects heat,
returns through the recuperating heat exchanger and is pumped
back to the nozzle.
The cycle can be operated with a wide range of working fluids,
including water. The proposed research will reveal favored
designs, operating conditions, and working fluids.
The Johnson TubeTM heat pump, which can operate efficiently with
a wide range of working fluids (including water), can be used as
a replacement to traditional vapor compression devices
impractical refrigeration, heat pump, and climate control
applications.
Manned Spacecraft, Heat Pump, Refrigeration, Climate Control
Project Title:
Regenerator-Displacer for a Stirling Micro-Refrigerator for Cold
Sunpower, Inc.
6 Byard Street
Athens, OH 45701
93-1-09 11 2221C
Regenerator-Displacer for a Stirling Micro-Refrigerator for Cold
Electronics
Abstract:
Sunpower proposes to design the regenerator-displacer component
of a novel duplex free-piston Stirling micro-refrigerator for
cold electronics in aerospace applications. The
micro-refrigerator, to be located inside microelectronics
packages, exploits the material properties, mechanical designs,
tiny dimensions, and batch fabrication processes of silicon
micromachining technology. If feasible, the micro-refrigerator
will enable electronic devices bonded directly to its silicon
cold plate, or fabricated within it, to operate at temperatures
from 250K down to 60K or less, depending upon the
application-specific design. Thermodynamic simulations predict a
nominal 1 W of heat lifting capacity from 225K by
micro-refrigerators
Project Title:
Reliable Multilayer Insulation Utilizing Ultra-Low Density
Aspen Systems, Inc.
184 Cedar Hill Street
Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752
93-1-09 12 5058
Reliable Multilayer Insulation Utilizing Ultra-Low Density
Aerogel-Based Spacers
Abstract:
An innovative composite spacer for multilayer insulations is
proposed that employs a newly developed ultra-low density
aerogels. The design uses the extremely low solid conductivity
and reduced gas conduction of aerogels sandwiched in a durable
carrier to minimize each mode of heat transfer and maximize
applicability. The proposed multilayer insulation will be
relatively insensitive to the external conditions such as
compressive stress and level of vacuum. This will result in
predictable thermal insulation performances for both the ground
or low-gravity environments. The objective of Phase I is to
demonstrate the feasibility of the design concept by producing
the ultra-low density aerogel in the proposed configuration, and
measuring the apparent thermal conductivity of prototype
multilayer insulations. The material stability issues, including
outgassing and sensitivity to moisture, will also be
investigated. In Phase II, a detailed insulation system design
will be developed through thermal analysis, optimization of
material properties, and integration of system elements. The
final product of the proposed development program will be
multilayer insulation system that is reliable, highly efficient,
and easy-to-install and maintain for the NASA's ground and flight
cryogenic applications.
Cryogenic fluids and processes are important to a wide range of
industrial and commercial endeavors from food processing to fuel
transport. Any advances in insulation effectiveness which are
easy to implement should have an easily identifiable market.
Current environmental concerns about CFC based insulations
commonly used in commercial refrigeration create a window of
opportunity for this development.
Multilayer insulation; Composite spacer; ultra-low density
aerogel; Easy applicability, Reliable thermal performance
Project Title:
Core Memory Replacement Using MRAM
Nonvolatile Electronics, Inc.
12800 Industrial Park Boulevard, Suite 110
Plymouth, MN 55441
93-1 09.13 0913 Amount Requested $69,832.74
Core Memory Replacement Using MRAM
Abstract:
Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) provides a magnetic
core memory replacement that is the ideal spacequalifiable memory.
Core is no longer suited to space applications because of its large
form factor, weight, low density and high power requirements. MRAM
is a semiconductor based memory with all the attributes of core
(nonvolatile, no wearout, fast R/W, inherently rad-hard,
temperature insensitive), and none of the drawbacks. MRAM can be
as dense as DRAM, is low power, and has the ruggedness and light
weight of monolithic semiconductors, making it the ideal memory for
use in tough environments seen by tactical, space, and strategic
military systems. The Phase I effort is to modify an existing 1
Megabit MRAM design, to make it suitable for the extreme
environment of core memory replacement (space application). Phase
II would include layout of the modifications, design verification,
two preproduction processing runs of the chips, and testing. The
objective is development of a production ready 1-Meg chip.
Benefits would include the ability to replace several technologies
with a single, superior technology that requires no band-aids for
use in severe environments.
Potential commercial applications include any system requiring a
nonvolatile RAM that is subject to extreme environmental
conditions, such as computers in spacecraft and aircraft,
industrial control systems, and remote location systems.
MRAM, Giant Magnetoresistance, Memory, Nonvolatile, Rad-hard, Core
Replacement
Project Title:
Immunized Neural Network for Sensory System Fusion
NETROLOGIC Inc.
5080 Shoreham Place, Suite 201
San Diego, CA 92122
93-1-09 14 6255
Immunized Neural Network for Sensory System Fusion
Abstract:
NETROLOGIC proposes to build a system which has the ability to
self-modify its own architecture such - that it will learn to
fuse data from disparate sources into a smoothly integrated
information base containing all - the information that the
system was able to extract regarding the features to enable
neuro-muscular control commands. Our innovation, application of
the immune neural network, utilizes principles of the biological
immune system and genetic algoritms. The proposed ontogenic
system is analogous to the immune system in that it copies the
immune system design of having a constant and variable portion of
the antigen. The first part is a constant neural network that is
trained initially from what is known about the system to arrive
at basic neural network components similar to biological gene
structures. Once the components are identified, the system is
frozen and a variable part of the system is trained. Genetic
algorithms operate on the neural network building blocks to
create more fit combinations of these components. The evaluation
function determines which members of a new generation will be
allowed to survive and replicate. In a relatively short time, the
GA composes a neural network architecture which is quite good at
solving the mapping problem it is designed to solve. Our
application uses the INN system to learn to fuse data from
disparate sensor sources into a unified information system for
control of NASA spacecraft subsystems.
The system adapts to new data types to allow data fusion to be
more easily accomplished. Commercial Applications can be found in
security systems, robotics, and product inspection, all of which
may require elements of data fusion.
Data Fusion, Neuromuscular Control, Neural Networks, Biomimetics
Project Title:
Natural Language Understanding System Based on Opto-Electronic
Physical Optics Corporation
Applied Technology Division
2545 W. 237th Street, Suite B
Torrance, CA 90505
93-1-09 15 1416
Natural Language Understanding System Based on Opto-Electronic
Neural Networks
Abstract:
NASA has stated a need for a technology which can provide
efficient human interaction with intelligent systems.
Specifically, natural language understanding is key to this
interaction. In recognition of this need, Physical Optics
Corporation (POC) proposes to develop a new real-time natural
language understanding system, utilizing a new pattern
recognition architecture recently developed at POC. This new
architecture is based on the unique integration of an optical
neural network architecture based on N4 interconnections, a high
efficiency holographic memory matrix, and new fast electronic
processing algorithms for speech recognition and statistical data
analysis. The resulting system will be capable of highly robust
speaker invariant natural language understanding. This system
will drastically improve the efficiency of human interaction with
intelligent systems in manned space missions. This will be
achieved through the utilization of intriguing optical processing
properties, such as large data storage and inherent high-speed
parallel processing and interconnectivity.
Commercial benefits from this program includes autonomous
systems, robotics, process controls, medical auditory processing,
decision systems, law enforcement systems, handicap aid systems,
security systems, educational systems and smart and friendly
man-machine interfaces system.
Intelligent System, Natural Language Understanding, Man-Machine
Interface
Project Title:
The Dynamic Predictive Memory Architecture for Intelligent Agents
Intelligent Systems
454 Wrightwood #3-B
Chicago, IL 60614
93-1 09.15 1523 Amount Requested $67,860
The Dynamic Predictive Memory Architecture for Intelligent Agents
Abstract:
This project is aimed at building robotic assistants to work with
humans in space environments. The key technical innovation is the
software integration of a high-level memory architecture capable of
deliberative planning and natural language understanding with a
reactive execution system capable of real-time autonomous activity.
Project effort will be in the design and implementation of the
Dynamic Predictive Memory Architecture for an autonomous robot.
The primary focus of phase I will be constructing a demonstration
system in simulation and the study of NASA robotic systems and task
domains. The goal is to consolidate existing research results on
DPMA into a coherent development system and identify and design a
working prototype system that can be implemented on real-hardware
in phase II.
We expect phase I and phase II to pave the way for the development
of robotic assistants for humans engaged in a variety of real world
tasks.
The DPMA system is not specific to either robotics or space. It is
a general design that is suitable for the interactive control of
any system that performs a complex task while communicating with
people. We anticipate potential commercial applications in the
areas of automated telephone operators, personal software
assistants, complex instrument interfaces, interactive scientific
visualization, reprogrammable industrial robotics, and aids for the
handicapped.
planning, cooperative robotics, natural language, integrated
systems
Project Title:
A Blackboard-Based Framework for Mixed-Initiative,
Blackboard Technology Group, Inc.
401 Main Street
Amherst, MA 01002
93-1-09 15 8990
A Blackboard-Based Framework for Mixed-Initiative,
Manned-Space-System Applications
Abstract:
An ideal way to organize large-scale, nearly autonomous,
intelligent systems is by using a blackboard-based architecture
in which computational knowledge modules interact with human
operators when necessary. Blackboard architectures have
demonstrated significant advantages in modularity, scalability,
extensibility, distribution, heterogeneity of representations and
problem-solving techniques, and dynamic control of
problem-solving activities. We propose to make these advantages
available to nearly autonomous manned-space-system applications
by advancing the state of the art in integrating human operators
into the problem-solving model of the blackboard paradigm.
Specifically, we will focus on two key aspects of integrating
computational knowledge with human operators.
Our work will focus on: Developing a knowledge module that allows
concise interaction with the human operator; Enhancing the
control mechanisms of the blackboard architecture so they can
deal with the cognitive differences between human-operator
knowledge and computational knowledge, and can most effectively
utilize human resources during the problem-solving
process.
There are numerous potential applications of this
mixed-initiative approach within NASA. By the very nature of
space-system applications, many need to be nearly autonomous,
operating alone except in extraordinary situations. The results
of this proposed research will be directly applicable to
applications in such areas as: design and layout, manufacturing
and engineering, system and process control, and planning and
scheduling.
AI applications, blackboard applications, nearly autonomous
intelligent systems, human/computer interaction
Project Title:
Rigorous Practical Method & Tool for Predicting Plume Backflow &
Aero Optics, Inc.
655 Deep Valley Drive, Suite 335
Rolling Hills Estates, CA 90274
93-1 09.16 1933 Amount Requested $69,986.56
Rigorous Practical Method & Tool for Predicting Plume Backflow &
Surface Impingement
Abstract:
Spacecraft surface contamination can result from nozzle-exhaust
molecules, droplets, and/or condensate-clusters which expand and
scatter to fill the space volume at large angles from the nozzle
thrust axis. Only a small fraction of the exhaust products expands
to large angles; however, the amount is sufficient to influence the
design and performance of spacecraft sensor platforms which are
subject to contamination effects.
The large-angle plume mass/species distribution functions depend on
1) the interacting effects of pressure/shear forces and
diffusion/rarefaction effects during the rapid angular expansion at
the nozzle lip and 2) the nozzle boundary layer characteristics
upstream of the lip expansion. Current prediction methods include
1) method-of-characteristics for continuum regions and 2) direct
simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) techniques for transitional regions.
Composite predictions are cumbersome to implement; extremely high
grid resolutions are required to preclude numerical diffusion
across steep gradients.
A new formulation is proposed which uses an extended form of the
Navier-Stokes equations in flow-conformal curvilinear streamtube
coordinates (to minimize numerical diffusion effects) with
additional source/sink terms (to account for flow rarefaction
effects). The formulation provides a unified continuous prediction
capability which bridges from the continuum region of the nozzle
interior to the rarefied region of the plume backflow.
The method/tool to be demonstrated under Phase I and
upgraded/augmented/completed under Phase II is intended for use by
contamination engineers/analysts and spacecraft
designers/developers who require rigorous but practical prediction
techniques for plume impingement effects. Although intended for
use in engineering applications, the code also provides state-of-
art capabilities for scientific applications.
Surface contamination, Plume backflow, Multicomponent diffusion,
Viscous coupling, Flow rarefaction Molecular scattering
Project Title:
Reconfigurable Array of Radiating Elements (RARE) Controlled by
Physical Optics Corporation
Research and Development Division
20600 Gramercy Place, Suite 103
Torrance, California 90501
93-1-09 17 3088
Reconfigurable Array of Radiating Elements (RARE) Controlled by
Light
Abstract:
A totally new class of reconfigurable, adaptive antennas based on
the ability of a semiconductor to drastically change its
properties on exposure to light in its absorption band is
proposed. The innovative concept for the reconfigurable array of
radiating elements (RARE) utilizes principles of microstrip
flat-surface antennas with the additional advantages of
wide-range tunability (several decades) and agile beam scanning.
This performance is achieved by changing the antenna pattern
according to the desired output. This pattern change can be
accomplished with a spatial light modulator (SLM) or an
individually addressable diode laser array. Phase I of this
program is focused on a feasibility demonstration
of a reconfigurable array of 4 x 4 radiating elements using a
single feed. In Phase II, the design and fabrication of a
deliverable prototype of the reconfigurable array of radiating
elements controlled by light will take place. The system
integration of the RARE, its testing, ultimate product
development and commercialization will be done in close
collaboration and partnership with California Microwave, Inc.,
Woodland Hills, CA.
The advanced concept of the reconfigurable conformal antenna can
find application in ground, airborne, and space communications
and in remote sensing. Its commercial potential is enhanced by
the inexpensive technology required for fabrication.
MMW Antenna, Beam Scanning
Project Title:
94 GHz Scanning Antenna For Cloud-Radar and Other Applications
Malibu Research Associates (818) 880-5494
26670 Agoura Road
Calabasas, CA 91302-1974
93-1 09.17 5494 B AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,626.
94 GHz Scanning Antenna For Cloud-Radar and Other Applications
Abstract:
Malibu Research has devised a totally new concept for antenna beam
scanning based on our "FLAPS" phased-surface technology, which we
believe will have major commercialization potent for replacement of
conventional gimbal-scanned antennas in space and on the ground. In
this concept, the antenna feed is fixed and only the (non-
parabolic) reflector is rotated to produce beam scan. This cannot
be done with a conventional reflector.
This technique eliminates lossy RF rotary joints and typically
results in ~8:1 reduction drive mass and power due to a 2:1 scan-
angle amplification and reduced rotational inertia. T FLAPS surface
also allows separate V/H polarization focal points and other
features for achievement of very high polarization isolation.
We propose the development of a 2-axis-scanning W-band (94 GHz)
antenna to satisfy t requirement for a millimeter wave cloud radar
antenna in an affordable low-mass design. proposed SBIR Phase 1
effort will lead to fabrication and test of a proof-of-principle
demonstration and can then be enlarged and refined for space
applications in future phase(s).
Major cost reduction of communication antenna systems requiring
costly and/ multiple gimbals. Especially high gain antenna.
FLAPS, Millimeter Wave, Scanning Antenna
Project Title:
Design and Development of a User Interface Development Tool
Hilton Systems, Inc.
2227 Drake Avenue, Suite 31
Huntsville, AL 35805
93-1 09.18 2500 Amount Requested $69.931
Design and Development of a User Interface Development Tool
Abstract:
This proposal presents the concept of a User Tailorable Interface
Development System (UTIDS) to facilitate the ability of users to
dynamically specify the information required for their mission
control tasks and minimize the effort required to tailor the
interface to be adaptable for multimission operations. Although
significant strides have been made in the development of usable and
effective human computer interfaces (HCI), most of the effort has
been focused on tools for use by designers that specify how the
user will provide information to the computer, e.g., input
dialogues. To provide the capabilities needed for dynamic and
complex real-world applications, a tool that can be employed by the
user to specify the identification and presentation of information
is needed. The key focus of UTIDS is that only by empowering the
user to specify and design the needed visualization and integration
capabilities can the real-world complexity of the user tasks be
managed and optimized.
A tool such as UTIDS provides users with the ability to monitor and
process data exhibiting high data complexity and incorporating
multiple interrelationships. The proposed project has wide
applicability to diverse, mission-critical applications employed by
government and commercial users, particularly in the area of
visualization and comprehension of information generated by real-
time processes, such as health monitoring, manufacturing factories,
power generation plants, etc.
Human Computer Interface, UI Toolkits, Object-oriented, Graphical-
User Interface, Data Visualization
Project Title:
High-Resolution, Low-power, Full-color TFEL Display Panels with
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396
93-1- 09.19-6000
High-Resolution, Low-power, Full-color TFEL Display Panels with
Monolithically-Integrated Porous Polysilicon Light Emitters
Abstract:
Spire proposes to demonstrate visible electroluminescent (EL)
devices fabricated on porous polysilicon thin films on glass
substrates which can operate at an applied bias of only a few
volts. In Phase II, a working matrix of red, green, and blue
(RGB) EL devices for a full-color display panel will be
developed. Spire recently fabricated the first Si-based
light-emitting diodes configured as heterojunctions between an
electrochemically-processed p-type porous Si and an n-type
transparent semiconductor (indium-tin-oxide). Quantum confinement
in Si nanostructures is the key to the luminescence of these
devices. These LEDs emit yellow, orange, and red light: The
fabrication of a porous Si-based blue LED is presently being
investigated at Spire with government funding. Although most
previous work on porous silicon devices has employed bulk Si
materials rather than Si thin films, Spire has shown that bright
visible light can be obtained from porous structures formed on
polycrystalline silicon thin films deposited on quartz
substrates. Spire now proposes to extend this development to
create a novel thin film electroluminescent (TFEL) technology
based on porous polysilicon films. Such a technology would be not
only more economical and practical than conventional practice,
but could also offer the monolithic integration of display
elements with the thin film transistor (TFT) chip-on-glass driver
circuits.
This program offers a rare opportunity for a major advance in
flat-panel display technology. With all-silicon processing,
display panels can be fabricated in large volumes at a much lower
cost for applications such as high definition home televisions,
computer screens, and medical video imagers.
porous silicon, polysilicon, electroluminescence,
photoluminescence, displays, LED, TFEL, chip-on-glass
Project Title:
A Remote Multimedia Input Device
MicroMed Systems Inc.
120 South Whitfield Street
Pittsburgh PA 15206
93-1-09 19 9700
A Remote Multimedia Input Device
Abstract:
This project will elaborate a conceptand develop a prototype for
a remote wireless multimedia computer input device which can be
hand-held or strapped to the wrist. The device will incorporate
traditional pointing device functionality as well as a neural
network-based speech recognition facility capable of interpreting
domain-specific vocabularies germane to command and control
operations in space-bound research and development environments.
The unit will be compact, light-weight, energy efficient, and
will contain a cursor position encoding mechanism which can
function in zero gravity without relying on friction (roller
balls) or requiring users todeal with undesirable reaction
forces.
Potential commercial applications include multimedia
presentations medical and legal information processing and
retrieval, and laboratory automation. The device is ideally
suited for applications which involve users performing actions
away from their computers.
multimedia, voice recognition, neural networks, wireless
Project Title:
Enhancing On-Orbit MIMO System Realization
ORINCON Corporation
9363 Towne Centre Drive
San Diego,CA 92121-3016
93-1-09.20-5530C Amount Requested $69,983
Enhancing On-Orbit MIMO System Realization
Abstract:
This work seeks to develop a systematic approach to closed-loop
MIMO structural realization that incorporates the Eigensystem
Realization Algorithm developed by Juang and Pappa [Juang and
Pappa, 1985]. Measurement data is transformed into the frequency
domain for multiple time vector lengths and then used in a Bayesian
classification algorithm in order to optimize data selection for
the realization algorithm. Resulting scores from the realization
algorithm, in the form of modal amplitude coherence values, are
also included in the classification algorithm to help determine the
best combination of sensor data for various bandwidths of modes.
The block-Hankel matrix characteristics are determined with the aid
of a neural network. The neural network provides the nonlinear
mapping between the block-Hankel matrix size characteristics and
resulting modal amplitude coherence values.
This research builds a strategy to provide dependable system
realization for a space structure that is operating in closed-loop.
Two steps assure sufficient richness and quality in the data used
by the realization algorithm. First, sensor data is pruned through
classification, as alluded to above; second, an excitation strategy
is enforced
This research is immediately applicable to flexible structures that
require a high-fidelity model (e.g., the aerospace industry). This
research will be especially useful for systems that require some
level of autonomy (e.g., exploration vehicles). Also, structural
problems that are time-varying would benefit (e.g., agile
manufacturing and robotics). Furthermore, closed-loop
identification is very important for processes that either cannot
be identified in open-loop (e.g., economic systems) or cannot
safely be taken off-line (e.g., chemical plants, power plants).
Eigensystem Realization Algorithm (ERA), Closed-loop
identification, Systematic approach for MIMO identification,
Bayesian classification, Sensor pruning
Project Title:
InP Quantum Well Solar Cells
International Stellar Technology, Inc.
9209 Hilldale St.
Houston, TX 77055
93-1 10.01 7926 Amount Requested $70,000
InP Quantum Well Solar Cells
Abstract:
This Phase I proposal addresses the feasibility study of a new type
of III-V solar cell for space applications. The realization of a
two terminal (p-i-n) InP quantum well solar cell with the aim of
achieving a highly efficient and radiation resistant device is
proposed. The device is expected to operate with an open circuit
voltage comparable to a conventional InP (p/n) solar cell while the
absorption of the carriers in the multiquantum well intrinsic
region is expected to provide an important increase in the device
short circuit current. This device should exhibit an efficiency
substantially larger than any existing conventional solar cell
without the usual shortcomings of the high efficiency device
schemes such as III-V tandem solar cell (process complexity,
current matching, interconnection between subcells).
If demonstrated, the InP quantum well solar cell can become the
industry standard where high efficiency and radiation resistance
are the key requirements. Furthermore, compared to the present day
technologies, this approach is expected to divide the cost of the
KW/Hours, the cell specific weight (weight/efficiency ratio) and
the size module size by a factor of two compared to the present
art.
InP, p-i-n solar cells, quantum wells
Project Title:
Bandgap-Tailored Thermophotovoltaic Devices for Narrow Band
United Solar Technologies
522 Dover Point NE
Olympia, WA 98506
93-1-10 02 0202B
Bandgap-Tailored Thermophotovoltaic Devices for Narrow Band
Radioisotope Power Sources
Abstract:
Radioisotopes have been used as a source of energy for space
applications where there is insufficient solar energy to use
standard photovoltaic arrays. Thermophotovoltaic devices (TPV)
provide a means of converting the radioisotope thermal energy
efficiently into electricity. We propose to fabricate TPV devices
from Gallium Indium Antimonide (GaInSb) with a bandgap tailored
to a radioisotope source with a selective oxide emitter. Our
models show that the use of GaInSb alloys instead of Gallium
Antimonide will significantly increase the system efficiency. The
project objective is to demonstrate GaInSb TPV devices by using a
process similar to the existing process for GaSb cells, and
developing the individual steps such as diffusion, metalization
and photolithography. The project will result in GaInSb sample
devices that will demonstrate the required wavelength
sensitivity. The improved system efficiency will result in a
lower spacecraft power system weight for a specific power.
Efficient radioisotope power systems for space vehicles are of
great importance to NASA, the Air Force, and many aerospace
companies; the development of TPV cells will significantly
benefit these systems. In addition, TPV cells can be used to
convert radiated energy from Jet engines, greatly reducing the
aircraft weight contributed by standard electric generators. By
generating electricity from heat without any moving parts, they
can provide silent and low maintenance power for nuclear
submarines, military portable generators, and recreational
products. United Solar is also investigating the development of a
hybrid solar/gas TPV power system.
Thermophotovoltaic Gallium Antimonide Gallium Indium Antimonide
Energy Conversion Radioisotope Oxide Line Emitters Bandgap
Tailoring
Project Title:
Flexible Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells
International Solar Electric Technology
8635 Aviation Blvd.
Inglewood, CA 90301
93-1 10.02 4427 Amount Requested $69,289
Flexible Thin Film CdTe Solar Cells
Abstract:
CdTe solar cell technology is one of the most advanced terrestrial
thin film photovoltaic technologies of today. CdTe devices with
over 15% conversion efficiency has been demonstrated and large area
modules have been successfully fabricated. CdTe cells have a
"superstrate" device configuration and they have been commonly
fabricated on rigid glass substrates. To be able to adapt this
very promising thin film photovoltaic technology for space
applications low-weight and preferably flexible substrates need to
be developed. This project proposes to demonstrate a flexible thin
film CdTe solar cell with high power density and high efficiency.
If successful this research will provide a flexible thin film CdTe
technology which will be very attractive for space power market and
for terrestrial applications where flexibility and low weight are
important.
Project Title:
Passivation of InP Solar Cells
Gallia, Inc.
53 Beaver Road
Weston, MA 02193-1017
93-1 10.02 8726 A Amount Requested $70,000
Passivation of InP Solar Cells
Abstract:
The high front surface recombination velocity (SRV) exhibited by
indium phosphide (InP) solar cells has limited the level of
efficiency that has been demonstrated to date. Gallia has
developed metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)
methodology to enable the growth of a previously unknown wide band
gap (4 eV) cubic-phase of gallium sulfide (GaS), which has been
demonstrated to passivate III-V surfaces. Gallia's sulfide based
coating will provide a proccessable method for the passivation of
InP solar cell surfaces. The project objectives include: growth of
high purity GaS films on InP, determination of the extent of
surface passivation, fabrication and testing of GaS passivated InP
solar cells, determination of GaS long term stability, and
development of alternative III-VI passivation materials. Gallia
will commit 900 man hours to these objectives. It is anticipated
that the as a result of this program Gallia will be able to
fabricate, by MOCVD, a series of gallium chalcogenide-based
passivation coatings for InP solar cells. It is expected that the
results of this project will benefit NASA in the possible
fabrication of high efficiency InP solar cells for non-terrestrial
applications.
Upon the completion of Phase I NASA will have the potential of a
new product, GaS passivated InP solar cell material, and a new
process, passivation layers by MOCVD. The proposed project will
have immediate and significant technological applications for the
passivation of InP solar cell surfaces. Furthermore, the proposed
project will serve as a model for passivation in the more general
area of minority carrier devices.
solar cell, Indium phosphide, Passivation, sulfide
Project Title:
Innovative Development of a 2 Watt Output Stirling Converter
Stirling Technology Company
2952 George Washington Way
Richland, WA 99352
93-1 10.03 4000 B Amount Requested $69,991
Innovative Development of a 2 Watt Output Stirling Converter
Abstract:
Stirling Power systems have the potential to provide enabling
technology for solar system exploration space science missions
because of their relatively high efficiency and low mass. There is
a need for a 2 watt electrical output power source for Martian
weather stations and other applications. Radioisotopes are the
only feasible heat source. The General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS)
is oversized because its minimal output is 250 thermal watts. The
Radioisotope Heating Unit (RHU) supplies 1.1 thermal watts for
heating of electronics, and is capable of operation at 500 degrees
C. This heat source temperature is well-suited for small power
level stirling engines; the number of RHUs needed depends on the
desired output power. Stirling Technology (STC) proposes to design
a Stirling power converter with an output of two electrical watts.
The innovative work is based on 5 watt and 11.7 watt output engines
previously developed at STC, but requires novel displacer support
and alternator configuration.
Stirling converters are ideal power sources for applications where
the thermal input (such as isotopes) is expensive, the system mass
must be minimal and routine maintenance cannot be performed. These
include space power systems and remote low-maintenance terrestrial
systems.
space power, dynamic energy conversion, Stirling engines
Project Title:
Sodium Modulated AMTEC Electrode Deposition
Advanced Modular Power System, Inc.
4667 Freedom Drive
Ann Arbor, MI 48108
93-1 10.04 4260 Amount Requested $69,926
Sodium Modulated AMTEC Electrode Deposition
Abstract:
A key component in the Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Converter
(AMTEC) is the electrode that is generally sputter deposited on the
beta"-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE). Electrode deposition, as
it is now practiced however, is a random process that covers active
sites on the BASE and places many electrode pore openings at
inactive sites. This proposal describes a novel fabrication
process for improving electrode components of AMTEC cells.
Exchange current densities will be increased by 500% at the
BASE/electrode interface by selectively exposing all of the active
sodium sites to the 3-phase electrode-BASE-sodium vapor boundary.
The new process will selectively deposit the electrode only on the
inactive sites of the BASE using the charge sensitive properties of
the BASE to control where the electrode is deposited. This leaves
the active sites of the BASE conduction plane at the electrode
edges. This process will use the common electrode materials, Mo,
W(Rh,Pt) and/or TiN. If successful, this process can increase the
power output of an AMTEC cell by 50% without increasing the size or
weight
While space power systems are of intrinsic interest, terrestrial
applications will offer large scale commercial opportunities for
AMTEC systems. At the 25+% efficiency now projected for the AMTEC
systems and projected costs of $350/kWe, AMTEC is expected to prove
useful for a very wide variety of distributed generation
applications including self-powered fans for high efficiency
furnaces and water heaters and recreational vehicle power supplies.
Cathodic protection of pipelines, remote telemetry from oil well
sites and general residential and commercial cogeneration will also
be attractive.
AMTEC, electrode, sputtering, beta"-alumina
Project Title:
High Energy Density Capacitors by Aerosol Combustion
Spire Corporation
One Patriots Park
Bedford, MA 01730-2396
93-1 10.05 6000 Amount Requested $69,928
High Energy Density Capacitors by Aerosol Combustion
Abstract:
Improved energy density capacitors are needed to reduce the size of
spacecraft components. Current performance (-2 J/cm3) is limited
by processing technology and not by inherent material properties.
Spire proposes to use metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
(MOCVD) with spray injection of reactants (aerosol combustion) to
achieve high dielectric constant, high breakdown strength
insulators capable of capacitively storing more than 400 J/cm3.
Optimization of the position where reactants are volatilized (on
the substrate surface, just off the surface, far from the surface)
is necessary for rapid growth of a defect free film, the key to
success in this program. Existing research with reactants in the
vapor phase has demonstrated the material properties needed for
capacitors with dimensions on the scale of integrated circuit
devices (operation at under 10 volts and few square microns area).
In Phase I, Spire will demonstrate that the technology can be
extrapolated to larger devices, specifically fabricating a 1 kV,
one microfarad capacitor with low dielectric loss and low leakage
current.
Specific NASA applications, aside from miniaturized power units,
would include significant reduction in weight and volume for
capacitors such as those used to power plasma thrusters.
Spire has identified a specific in-vivo medical application for
this technology where a large reduction in capacitor volume would
be of significant patient benefit, creating a high value added end
product. Many other commercial applications would follow.
high energy density capacitors, MOCVD, ferroelectric, dielectric
Project Title:
Abductive Power System Control and Diagnostics
AbTech Corporation
508 Dale Avenue
Charlottesville, VA 22903
93-1 10.06 0686 Amount Requested $68,435.64
Abductive Power System Control and Diagnostics
Abstract:
The objective of this effort is to demonstrate a superior prototype
diagnostic system and controller for electrical power systems based
on AbTech's abductive polynomial network technology. This
technology enables designers to semi-automatically model the
complex and dynamic behavior of very sophisticated aerospace power
systems using models comprised of a network of polynomial equations
(abductive polynomial network). These networks offer the potential
to:
* increase fault detection and isolation beyond that provided by
conventional built-in test (BIT)
* verify sensor readings and isolate sensor failures
* estimate system degradation
* predict failures
* enhance system control for a variety of operating and failure
conditions
This proposal introduces abductive modeling and AIM--a practical
supervised learning tool for synthesizing abductive polynomial
networks from databases of examples. It then discusses how
abductive networks can be applied to substantially increase system
control and diagnostic capabilities, and presents a demonstration
project to apply abductive polynomial networks to electrical power
system diagnostics and control.
There are numerous commercial applications of abductive control and
diagnostic approaches for electrical power systems. In addition to
aerospace applications, such techniques can be applied to a large
variety of manufacturing, automotive, and medical power systems.
Electrical Power, Control, Diagnostics, Abductive Networks,
Polynomial Networks
Project Title:
AUTOMATION OF AEROSPACE POWER SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS
Giordano Automation Corp.
21 White Deer Plaza
Sparta, NJ 07871
93-1 10.06 5888 AMOUNT REQUESTED $69,921
AUTOMATION OF AEROSPACE POWER SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS
Abstract:
Autonomous Aerospace Power Systems must operate in remote and
hostile environments with no human support. The requirement to
sustain system operation in the presence of multiple faults further
exacerbates the system diagnostic function. This proposal proposes
the creation of an innovative software toolset and modeling
methodology for developing and subsequently embedding Model-Based
diagnostics into Aerospace Power Systems.
The primary objective of Phase I will be to investigate the
feasibility of automating the diagnostic development and run-time
operation of an Autonomous Aerospace Power System, such as the
Space Station Module Power Management and Distribution System,
utilizing CAD/CAE design data and model-based diagnostic reasoning
run-time system software. Phase I study tasks will encompass
assessing the feasibility of porting existing diagnostic
development and run-time inference engine software into a NASA
Unix-Based environment as well as establishing a methodology for
modeling multiple faults in contemporary aerospace power systems.
The successful porting of this software into a Unix-Based
computational environment and development of a methodology to model
multiple faults in complex aerospace power systems will enable NASA
to ultimately apply this generic knowledge engineering approach to
SSM/PMAD as well as to other spacecraft power systems.
The resulting tools and methodology resulting from this research
have application to large industrial power plants, commercial
aircraft, electric vehicle systems, and commercial satellites;
anywhere autonomous power systems require real-time control of
fault detection, isolation, reconfiguration, and recovery in order
to mitigate risk to system safety and sustainability.
AUTONOMOUS POWER SYSTEM DIAGNOSTICS
Project Title:
A Pulse Power Thyristor for High Temperature Aerospace
John C. Driscoll
Power Technology South
7800 Netherlands Drive
Raleigh, N.C. 27606
93-1-10 07 0455A
A Pulse Power Thyristor for High Temperature Aerospace
Applications
Abstract:
The proposed Pulse Power Thyristor (PPT) could replace spark
gaps, vacuum switches, thyratrons and ignitrons at operating
temperatures over 200ø C. The Pulse Power Opening Switch
Thyristor (the PPOST), a variation of the PPT, could also exceed
the performance of MCT's, IGBT's and GTO's with improved Safe
Operating Area (SOA) and off-state performance, approaching that
of a recovering diode. Both the PPT and PPOST have lower on-state
voltage and a lower chip size for lower cost. Champion Aviation
Products has agreed to fund necessary post SBIR work to enable
manufacture of the proposed switches for use in high ambiant
temperature exciter/igniter applications for jet/turbine starting
applications. This proposal is based on the P.I.'s recent
experience of applying fine integrated circuit geometries and
bonded lead frames to both cathode and anode regions of positive
beveled asymmetric thyristors. The 10.07 subtopics specifically
addressed are high temperature Electronic devices for PMAD
systems i.e. npn/pnp transistors arranged as regenerative pairs
as in thyristor technology for high temperature aerospace
exciter/igniter and electrical actuation applications.
The proposed semiconductor will replace spark gap switches in jet
engine exciter/igniter starter systems and can be mounted in high
ambiant temperature environments, up to 200ø C. An opening switch
version of the thyristor will have a safe operating area similar
to a recovering diode and could replace IGBT's, BJT's and MCT's.
Anode gated SCR Pulse Power Thyristor MCT SCR GTO IGBT
Project Title:
Integrated Optical Voltage Sensor
SRICO, INC.
664 Petworth Court
Powell, OH 43065-9398
93-1 10.07 3239 AMOUNT REQUESTED $70,000
Integrated Optical Voltage Sensor
Abstract:
An innovative integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer
voltage sensor is proposed for fabrication in a lithium niobate
substrate. The novel feature of this sensor is that one leg of the
interferometer is reverse poled by selective ferroelectric domain
inversion techniques. This feature permits simple electrode
structures for high voltage sensing without the need for voltage
division. Optical fibers link the voltage sensor to the power
distribution control system. Since the optical fibers and the
sensor are comprised of dielectric materials, the electrical
isolation problems between the high voltage system and the control
system are eliminated. The optical fiber and sensor are immune to
electromagnetic interference and, thus, yield accurate measurements
over a wide dynamic range. This voltage sensor would be ideally
suitable for automatic control of space or aeronautic power
management and distribution systems.
During the Phase I effort, SRICO proposes to develop and
demonstrate the feasibility of the integrated optic voltage sensor
for electric power distribution systems. Compact, low-cost,
radiation- and fault-tolerant sensors could be produced using this
technology.
Significant commercial opportunities exist in the measurement of
high voltage lines in electrical power transmission systems. This
voltage sensor would be ideal for use in noisy, hazardous and
hostile environments such as electric power plants.
Sensing, Voltage, Fiber Optics, Integrated Optics, Mach-Zehnder,
Interferometer, Lithium Niobate, Poling
Project Title:
Fault Tolerant Environment Control & Life Support System
Changing Scenes/Motive Power Development Division
12505 Birch Bluff Place
San Diego, CA 92131
93-1